1 00:00:16,049 --> 00:00:17,049 NASA. 2 00:00:17,049 --> 00:00:18,049 NEW HORIZONS PLUTO. 3 00:00:18,049 --> 00:00:19,049 JASON TOWNSEND. 4 00:00:19,049 --> 00:00:20,049 NASA SOCIAL MEDIA TEAM. 5 00:00:20,049 --> 00:00:21,049 MIKE RYSCHKEWITSCH. 6 00:00:21,049 --> 00:00:22,049 SPACE EXPLORATION. 7 00:00:22,049 --> 00:00:23,049 EXPLORATION. 8 00:00:23,049 --> 00:00:24,049 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY. 9 00:00:24,049 --> 00:00:25,049 APPLIED PHYSICS LAB. 10 00:00:25,049 --> 00:00:26,049 LAUREL, MARYLAND. 11 00:00:26,049 --> 00:00:27,049 JIM GREEN. 12 00:00:27,049 --> 00:00:28,049 NASA DIRECTOR OF PLANETARY SCIENCE. 13 00:00:28,049 --> 00:00:29,049 ALAN STERN. 14 00:00:29,049 --> 00:00:30,049 SOUTH WEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 15 00:00:30,049 --> 00:00:31,049 INSTITUTE. 16 00:00:31,049 --> 00:00:32,049 HERSMAN. 17 00:00:32,049 --> 00:00:33,049 MISSION SYSTEMS ENGINEER. 18 00:00:33,049 --> 00:00:34,049 JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, APPLIED PHYSICS LAB. 19 00:00:34,049 --> 00:00:35,049 KIMMEN CO. 20 00:00:35,049 --> 00:00:36,049 KIM. 21 00:00:36,049 --> 00:00:37,049 EN COHUSSY HUSSEY. 22 00:00:37,049 --> 00:00:38,049 JET PROPULSION LABORATORY. 23 00:00:38,049 --> 00:00:39,049 PASADENA, CALIFORNIA. 24 00:00:39,049 --> 00:00:40,049 HUSSEY. 25 00:00:40,049 --> 00:00:41,049 ENNICO. 26 00:00:41,049 --> 00:00:42,049 NEW HORIZONS 37 NEW HORIZONS. 27 00:00:42,049 --> 00:00:43,049 RAOEURB. 28 00:00:43,049 --> 00:00:44,049 EUROPA. 29 00:00:44,049 --> 00:00:45,049 CHARON. 30 00:00:45,049 --> 00:00:46,049 KUIPER BELT. 31 00:00:46,049 --> 00:00:47,049 NEPTUNE. 32 00:00:47,049 --> 00:00:48,049 ELLIPTICAL. 33 00:00:48,049 --> 00:00:49,049 AOE KHREUB PARTICULAR. 34 00:00:49,049 --> 00:00:50,049 ECLIPTIC. 35 00:00:50,049 --> 00:00:51,049 ASTRONOMICAL. 36 00:00:51,049 --> 00:00:52,049 DENIZEN. 37 00:00:52,049 --> 00:00:53,049 DENIZENS. 38 00:00:53,049 --> 00:00:54,049 SOUTHWEST RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 39 00:00:54,049 --> 00:00:55,049 NEW HORIZONS TELESCOPE. 40 00:00:55,049 --> 00:00:56,049 PUPPET PUPPET. 41 00:00:56,049 --> 00:00:57,049 PUPPETEER PUPPETEER. 42 00:00:59,049 --> 00:00:58,049 PUPPETEER. 43 00:01:01,049 --> 00:01:00,049 TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST 44 00:01:01,049 --> 00:01:02,049 TEST TEST TEST TEST TESTTEST 45 00:01:14,060 --> 00:01:03,049 TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST 46 00:01:14,060 --> 00:01:15,060 TEST TEST TEST. 47 00:01:15,060 --> 00:01:16,730 \M\M FIVE, FOUR, THREE, TWO, ONE. 48 00:01:16,730 --> 00:01:19,410 AND LIFTOFF OF NASA'S NEW HORIZONS SPACECRAFT AND BEYOND. 49 00:01:19,410 --> 00:01:20,410 \M\M >>> HELLO. 50 00:01:20,410 --> 00:01:22,800 WELCOME TO THE APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY HERE IN LAUREL, 51 00:01:22,800 --> 00:01:23,800 MARYLAND. 52 00:01:23,800 --> 00:01:29,470 TODAY WILL BE GO A DEEP DIVE INTO PLUTO AND NASA'S NEW 53 00:01:29,470 --> 00:01:31,110 HORIZONS MISSION. 54 00:01:31,110 --> 00:01:35,100 WE'RE ALSO JOINED BY OUR FRIENDS WHO ARE FOLLOWING ONLINE AT 55 00:01:35,100 --> 00:01:37,910 LOWELL OBSERVATORY IN FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA WHERE PLUTO WAS 56 00:01:37,910 --> 00:01:40,370 DISCOVERED MANY, MANY YEARS AGO. 57 00:01:40,370 --> 00:01:44,720 FOR THOSE OF YOU JOINING US ONLINE, WE WILL LOOK AT THE 58 00:01:44,720 --> 00:01:48,750 SCIENCE, THE ENGINEERING AND SOME OF THE NEW THINGS NEW 59 00:01:48,750 --> 00:01:55,850 HORIZONS WILL BE DOING FOR A JULY 14th FLY-BY OF PLUTO. 60 00:01:55,850 --> 00:01:58,620 IF YOU'RE FOLLOWING ONLINE THE CONVERSATION IS BEING DONE WITH 61 00:01:58,620 --> 00:02:04,580 #NASASOCIAL. 62 00:02:04,580 --> 00:02:12,480 WE'RE GOING TO BE TALKING ABOUT THE MISSION USING #PLUTOFLYBY. 63 00:02:12,480 --> 00:02:16,260 YOU CAN JOIN US AT AT ATNASANEW HORIZONS ON TWITTER AND 64 00:02:16,260 --> 00:02:18,030 FACEBOOK. 65 00:02:18,030 --> 00:02:23,010 WITHOUT FURTHER ADO, WE WILL JUMP RIGHT INTO IT HERE. 66 00:02:23,010 --> 00:02:26,310 FIRST UP TO WELCOME US TODAY, FROM THE APPLIED PHYSICS 67 00:02:26,310 --> 00:02:32,410 LABORATORY IS THE HEAD OF SPACE EXPLORATION MIKE RYSCHKEWITSCH. 68 00:02:32,410 --> 00:02:34,110 >> GOOD AFTERNOON. 69 00:02:34,110 --> 00:02:37,730 WE'RE HAPPY TO HAVE YOU HERE AT THE JOHNS HOPKINS APPLIED 70 00:02:37,730 --> 00:02:40,260 PHYSICS LAB. 71 00:02:40,260 --> 00:02:47,040 I WOULD LIKE TO TELL YOU A LITTLE BIT ABOUT JOHNS HOPKINS 72 00:02:47,040 --> 00:02:49,950 APPLIED PHYSICS LAB JOURNEY INTO SPACE. 73 00:02:49,950 --> 00:02:54,280 IT ACTUALLY BEGINS DURING THE DEPTHS OF WORLD WAR II. 74 00:02:54,280 --> 00:02:59,470 THE LAB WAS FOUNDED TO WORK ON PROXIMITY USES FOR NAVAL ANTI 75 00:02:59,470 --> 00:03:01,450 AIRCRAFT GUNS. 76 00:03:01,450 --> 00:03:03,540 THAT INVENTION WAS DEEMED AS ONE OF THE THREE MOST 77 00:03:03,540 --> 00:03:07,080 TECHNOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT IN WORLD WAR II, WITH ATOMIC BOMB 78 00:03:07,080 --> 00:03:09,130 AND RADAR. 79 00:03:09,130 --> 00:03:16,430 JAMES VAN ALLEN, FOR WHOM THE RADIATION BELTS ARE NAMED. 80 00:03:16,430 --> 00:03:18,870 AND JIM GREEN, ONE OF THE STUDENTS, 81 00:03:18,870 --> 00:03:23,430 IN A COUPLE OF MINUTES, STARTED USING THE GERMAN B-2s BROUGHT 82 00:03:23,430 --> 00:03:27,000 OVER HERE AFTER THE YEAR TO BEGIN THE EXPLORATION OF SPACE 83 00:03:27,000 --> 00:03:31,600 LEVERAGING ON THE ELECTRONICS THAT THEY HAD DEVELOPED FOR 84 00:03:31,600 --> 00:03:36,840 THESE ANTI AIRCRAFT SHELLS AND BEGAN THE EXPLORATION WITH THE 85 00:03:36,840 --> 00:03:38,740 UNDERSTANDING BOTH OF SPACE. 86 00:03:38,740 --> 00:03:44,770 FAST FORWARD A FEW MORE YEARS, SOME OF THE SCIENTISTS AND 87 00:03:44,770 --> 00:03:47,870 ENGINEERS AT THE LAB WERE TRACKING SPUTNIK AND LISTENING 88 00:03:47,870 --> 00:03:51,860 TO THE RADIO SIGNALS IN REAL LIFE THEY COULD ACTUALLY TRACK 89 00:03:51,860 --> 00:03:55,660 THE SATELLITE BY LISTENING WORKING ON THE DOPPLER SHIFT OF 90 00:03:55,660 --> 00:03:57,140 THE RADIO SIGNALS. 91 00:03:57,140 --> 00:03:59,300 AND THEN THEY HAD THE BRAINSTORM THAT THEY COULD TURN THAT 92 00:03:59,300 --> 00:04:00,300 PROCESS AROUND. 93 00:04:00,300 --> 00:04:03,520 IF THEY WERE ON THE GROUND AND COULD FIGURE OUT WHERE THE 94 00:04:03,520 --> 00:04:06,470 SATELLITE WAS, THEY WOULD BE ABLE TO FIGURE OUT WHERE SOME 95 00:04:06,470 --> 00:04:07,810 POINT ON THE GROUND WAS. 96 00:04:07,810 --> 00:04:11,400 THAT LED TO BEING ABLE TO SOLVE A CRITICAL PROBLEM FOR THE NAVY 97 00:04:11,400 --> 00:04:13,550 AND THE NAVIGATION. 98 00:04:13,550 --> 00:04:16,269 THAT REALLY PUT US INTO THE SPACE BUSINESS. 99 00:04:16,269 --> 00:04:19,799 AND I'M NOT GOING TO GO THROUGH ALL THE DOZENS AND DOZENS OF 100 00:04:19,799 --> 00:04:22,790 SPACE MISSIONS THAT†-- SPACECRAFT WE HAVE LAUNCHED IN 101 00:04:22,790 --> 00:04:23,790 BETWEEN. 102 00:04:23,790 --> 00:04:26,270 I WILL JUST TALK ABOUT A FEW CURRENT ONES. 103 00:04:26,270 --> 00:04:31,050 WE DO A LOT OF HELIOPHYSICS AND PLANETARY SIDE. 104 00:04:31,050 --> 00:04:36,660 WE ARE IN THE FULL THROES OF SOLO PLEX MISSION. 105 00:04:36,660 --> 00:04:40,279 YOU MIGHT WANT TO LOOK AT THAT. 106 00:04:40,279 --> 00:04:48,190 WE WILL GO WITHIN 10 SOLAR RDI TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE CORONA IS 107 00:04:48,190 --> 00:04:53,240 HEAT AND THE SOLAR WINDS ARE GENERATED. 108 00:04:53,240 --> 00:04:58,550 A LITTLE MORE CLOSER TO HOME, WE'VE GOT FINISHED THE MESSENGER 109 00:04:58,550 --> 00:04:59,610 MISSION TO MERCURY. 110 00:04:59,610 --> 00:05:02,979 WE HAD A REALLY WONDERFULLY SUCCESSFUL MISSION. 111 00:05:02,979 --> 00:05:06,360 UNFORTUNATELY, OUR FUEL SUPPLY WAS FINITE AND WE DID WHAT WE 112 00:05:06,360 --> 00:05:10,629 CALL THE SPLAT INTO THE SURFACE A FEW WEEKS AGO. 113 00:05:10,629 --> 00:05:16,620 MERCURY AND MESSENGER ARE A LITTLE BIT HARBINGER. 114 00:05:16,620 --> 00:05:22,439 WE KNEW ABOUT THAT MUCH ABOUT MERCURY. 115 00:05:22,439 --> 00:05:26,419 THE OTHER SIDE OF THE PLANET WE DIDN'T KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT. 116 00:05:26,419 --> 00:05:31,490 YOU HAVE A HIGH-RES VERSION ON YOUR SCREEN BUT WE HAVE MERCURY 117 00:05:31,490 --> 00:05:33,180 AND A LOT OF DETAILED KNOWLEDGE. 118 00:05:33,180 --> 00:05:37,629 THAT'S JUST THE VISUAL REPRESENTATION. 119 00:05:37,629 --> 00:05:40,650 BECAUSE THE SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES OF WATER ICE AT THE 120 00:05:40,650 --> 00:05:44,550 POLES AND THE CRATERS, THINGS LIKE THAT, ARE POSITIVELY MIND 121 00:05:44,550 --> 00:05:45,550 BOGGLING. 122 00:05:45,550 --> 00:05:48,520 I'M REALLY EXCITED TO BE HERE WITH YOU. 123 00:05:48,520 --> 00:05:51,259 HOPEFULLY YOU'LL BE FOLLOWING US THE NEXT FEW WEEKS. 124 00:05:51,259 --> 00:05:55,229 BECAUSE WHAT WE'RE GOING TO LEARN ABOUT PLUTO OVER THE NEXT 125 00:05:55,229 --> 00:05:58,490 WEEKS AND MONTHS AS ALL THE DATA GETS DOWNLOADED IS REALLY 126 00:05:58,490 --> 00:05:59,490 EXCITED TO ME. 127 00:05:59,490 --> 00:06:03,199 RIGHT NOW IT KIND OF LOOKS LIKE THAT. 128 00:06:03,199 --> 00:06:05,940 AS WE FILL THAT IN, IT'S REALLY GOING TO BE AMAZING. 129 00:06:05,940 --> 00:06:08,409 SO THANK YOU FOR BEING HERE THIS AFTERNOON. 130 00:06:08,409 --> 00:06:11,490 THANK YOU FOR FOLLOWING US AND SHARING OUR ADVENTURE WITH THE 131 00:06:11,490 --> 00:06:14,410 WORLD. 132 00:06:14,410 --> 00:06:17,339 WELCOME. 133 00:06:17,339 --> 00:06:18,919 >> WONDERFUL TO SET THE MOOD JUST A LITTLE BIT. 134 00:06:18,919 --> 00:06:28,179 WE HAVE A QUICK VIDEO TO INTRODUCE PLUTO. 135 00:06:28,179 --> 00:06:31,819 >> THERE'S A MYSTERIOUS ZONE FAR OUT IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 136 00:06:31,819 --> 00:06:35,340 IT'S A REGION OF ICE WORLDS. 137 00:06:35,340 --> 00:06:37,650 SOME SOLITARY, SOME WITH MOONS. 138 00:06:37,650 --> 00:06:40,210 THEIR NAMES FAMILIAR. 139 00:06:40,210 --> 00:06:41,930 AIR EUS. 140 00:06:41,930 --> 00:06:43,639 HOLE MAYO. 141 00:06:43,639 --> 00:06:49,030 THEY HOLD CLUES TO ALL OUR ORIGINS AND THE FIRST OF THESE 142 00:06:49,030 --> 00:06:53,590 WORLDS AND THE ONE WE WILL REACH IN 2015 IS THE KIN OF THE KUIPER 143 00:06:53,590 --> 00:06:56,819 BELT, PLUTO. 144 00:06:56,819 --> 00:07:00,750 THE LONG JOURNEY OF NASA'S NEW HORIZONS MISSION BEGAN IN 2006 145 00:07:00,750 --> 00:07:04,520 ABOARD AMERICA'S BIGGEST, BADDEST ROCKET, TRICKED OUT WITH 146 00:07:04,520 --> 00:07:06,099 EVERY CONCEIVABLE BOOSTER. 147 00:07:06,099 --> 00:07:08,969 >> WE HAVE A VERY LIGHT SPACECRAFT AND BOUGHT A VERY 148 00:07:08,969 --> 00:07:10,159 LARGE LAUNCH VEHICLE. 149 00:07:10,159 --> 00:07:12,080 AND THE COMBINATION IS FEROCIOUS. 150 00:07:12,080 --> 00:07:16,280 >> BUT IN SOME SENSE, IT ALL BEGAN IN 1930, WITH CLYDE TOM 151 00:07:16,280 --> 00:07:20,389 VALUE, 24 YEARS OLD, AND FRESH OFF THE FARM IN KANSAS, BUT 152 00:07:20,389 --> 00:07:24,280 WILLING TO SPEND LONG HOURS SCANNING STAR FIELDS TO FIND THE 153 00:07:24,280 --> 00:07:26,949 MOVING POINT OF LIGHT. 154 00:07:26,949 --> 00:07:30,610 HUMANITY'S FIRST GLIMPSE OF PLUTO. 155 00:07:30,610 --> 00:07:35,979 IT BEGAN WITH WITH A 6-YEAR-OLD BOY IN LOVE WITH SCIENCE WHO 156 00:07:35,979 --> 00:07:41,099 GREW UP TO LEAD A TEAM OF BRILLIANT RESEARCHERS AND 157 00:07:41,099 --> 00:07:44,139 ENGINEERS WITH DOGGED PERSISTENT AND DECADES OF BUILDING AND 158 00:07:44,139 --> 00:07:47,809 TESTS, A RACE AGAINST TIME JUST TO GET TO THE LAUNCH PAD. 159 00:07:47,809 --> 00:07:50,501 >> EXPLORING THE OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM, BECAUSE IT'S SO FAR, 160 00:07:50,501 --> 00:07:51,749 TAKES A LOT OF TIME. 161 00:07:51,749 --> 00:07:56,689 IT REQUIRES A LOT OF PATIENCE, A LOT OF DEDICATION, A LOT OF 162 00:07:56,689 --> 00:07:57,689 PERSEVERANCE. 163 00:07:57,689 --> 00:07:58,689 BUT IT'S A FRONTIER. 164 00:07:58,689 --> 00:08:02,530 >> ASSUMING ALL GOES WELL AT PLUTO, NASA MAY EXTEND THE 165 00:08:02,530 --> 00:08:06,839 ADVENTURE FURTHER OUT IN THE KUIPER BELT INTO THE MYSTERIOUS 166 00:08:06,839 --> 00:08:07,839 THIRD ZONE. 167 00:08:07,839 --> 00:08:11,699 >> THIS MAY BE THE ONE CHANCE IN MY LIFETIME THAT WE WILL GET THE 168 00:08:11,699 --> 00:08:14,659 SPACECRAFT OUT THERE AND LOOK UP CLOSE AT ONE OF THE KUIPER BELT 169 00:08:14,659 --> 00:08:15,659 OBJECTS. 170 00:08:15,659 --> 00:08:18,120 >> DECEMBER 6th, 2014. 171 00:08:18,120 --> 00:08:24,059 NEW HORIZONS WAKES UP FOR THE LAST TIME FROM HIBERNATION. 172 00:08:24,059 --> 00:08:28,229 >> NEW HORIZONS IS SPEEDING TOWARDS PLUTO AT A PHENOMENAL 173 00:08:28,229 --> 00:08:29,229 RATE. 174 00:08:29,229 --> 00:08:30,690 WE CAN'T WAIT FOR IT TO GET THERE. 175 00:08:30,690 --> 00:08:35,050 >> JANUARY 27, 2015, SINCE MONTHS OF APPROACHED SCIENCE 176 00:08:35,050 --> 00:08:36,050 BEGAN. 177 00:08:36,050 --> 00:08:42,550 JULY 14th, 2015, NEW HORIZONS'S LONG JOURNEY, 3 BILLION MILES, 178 00:08:42,550 --> 00:08:48,580 NINE YEARS IN FLIGHT, AND 85 YEARS OF SPECULATION ABOUT PLUTO 179 00:08:48,580 --> 00:08:52,089 CLIMAXES IN ONE DAY OF CLOSE APPROACH AND FLY-BY. 180 00:08:52,089 --> 00:08:55,209 >> WE'RE ROUNDING THIRD BASE, AND WE'RE HEADED HOME. 181 00:08:55,209 --> 00:08:59,460 >> THE DREAM, THE ADVENTURE, THE PROMPTS OF DISCOVERY. 182 00:08:59,460 --> 00:09:05,179 THAT'S WHAT MAKES 2015 THE YEAR OF PLUTO. 183 00:09:05,179 --> 00:09:08,250 >> ALL RIGHT. 184 00:09:08,250 --> 00:09:09,910 SOME OF THOSE FACES THAT YOU SEE ARE GOING TO SEEM REALLY 185 00:09:09,910 --> 00:09:12,050 FAMILIAR BECAUSE WE'RE GOING TO HEAR FROM THEM NOW. 186 00:09:12,050 --> 00:09:15,621 UP FIRST TO TALK A LITTLE BIT ABOUT NASA'S PLANETARY SCIENCE 187 00:09:15,621 --> 00:09:19,300 AND HOW THIS MISSION NEW HORIZONS HITS INTO THAT IS DR. 188 00:09:19,300 --> 00:09:21,040 JIM GREEN FROM NASA HEADQUARTERS. 189 00:09:21,040 --> 00:09:22,040 JIM? 190 00:09:22,040 --> 00:09:24,930 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH, JASON. 191 00:09:24,930 --> 00:09:28,100 SO THIS IS AN EXCITING TIME, OBVIOUSLY. 192 00:09:28,100 --> 00:09:31,410 PLUTO WAS A BEAUTIFUL PLANET. 193 00:09:31,410 --> 00:09:33,490 WHAT WE CALL, WE DON'T CARE, DWARF PLANET. 194 00:09:33,490 --> 00:09:36,610 IT'S A BODY WORTH INVESTIGATING. 195 00:09:36,610 --> 00:09:41,160 IT IS THE ARCHETYPE OF A BRAND-NEW SET OF OBJECTS. 196 00:09:41,160 --> 00:09:46,360 IMAGINE IN YOUR LIFETIME WE HAVE DISCOVERED A WHOLE NEW REGION TO 197 00:09:46,360 --> 00:09:49,980 EXPLORE IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM, THAT THIRD ZONE. 198 00:09:49,980 --> 00:09:53,779 WHAT DO WE MEAN WHEN WE TALK ABOUT IT AS THE THIRD ZONE? 199 00:09:53,779 --> 00:09:55,399 TERRESTRIAL PLANET? 200 00:09:55,399 --> 00:09:57,800 MERCURY, VENUS, EARTH, MARS. 201 00:09:57,800 --> 00:09:59,860 AND EVEN THE ASTEROID BELT. 202 00:09:59,860 --> 00:10:02,920 THAT'S AN AREA WHERE THERE ARE MATERIAL TRYING TO BECOME A 203 00:10:02,920 --> 00:10:05,450 PLANET BUT JUPITER WOULDN'T LET IT. 204 00:10:05,450 --> 00:10:07,050 GRAVITY KEPT PULLING THEM APART. 205 00:10:07,050 --> 00:10:09,850 AND THEN THE SECOND ZONE, THE GAS GIANTS. 206 00:10:09,850 --> 00:10:12,630 JUPITER, SATURN, URANUS, AND NEPTUNE. 207 00:10:12,630 --> 00:10:21,560 AND NOW PLUTO IS PART OF MAYBE 10,000, 20,000, 30,000 OBJECTS 208 00:10:21,560 --> 00:10:22,690 JUST LIKE IT. 209 00:10:22,690 --> 00:10:27,449 FOR THE FIRST TIME WE'RE GOING TO FLY BY PLUTO AND GET A GOOD 210 00:10:27,449 --> 00:10:28,449 LOOK. 211 00:10:28,449 --> 00:10:32,660 NOW, I'M OFTEN ASKED, WHY ARE WE JUST FLYING BY IT? 212 00:10:32,660 --> 00:10:37,649 AS MIKE MENTIONED IT, WHEN HE TALKED ABOUT MERCURY, WE DID FLY 213 00:10:37,649 --> 00:10:39,520 BY MERCURY ONCE. 214 00:10:39,520 --> 00:10:42,210 THAT'S A RECONNAISSANCE. 215 00:10:42,210 --> 00:10:46,110 ONCE WE SEE WHAT THE BODIES ARE LIKE AND WE MAKE THE PLANS TO GO 216 00:10:46,110 --> 00:10:48,550 BACK, THEN WE WANT TO ORBIT. 217 00:10:48,550 --> 00:10:51,550 THEN OF COURSE THE NEXT THING IS ORBITING GIVES US 218 00:10:51,550 --> 00:10:55,490 HIGH-RESOLUTION INFORMATION THAT GIVES US INFORMATION TO LAND. 219 00:10:55,490 --> 00:10:59,970 AND THEN ROVE AND THEN PERHAPS RETURN SAMPLES. 220 00:10:59,970 --> 00:11:04,790 WHEN YOU LOOK AT THE MOON, WE FLEW BY IT, WE ORBITED IT, WE 221 00:11:04,790 --> 00:11:07,420 LANDED, WE ROVED. 222 00:11:07,420 --> 00:11:11,310 OUR CLOSEST OBJECT TO THE EARTH. 223 00:11:11,310 --> 00:11:14,959 WE FLEW BY MARS EARLY ON MORE THAN 50 YEARS AGO. 224 00:11:14,959 --> 00:11:16,070 WE ORBITED. 225 00:11:16,070 --> 00:11:17,070 MANY ORBITERS. 226 00:11:17,070 --> 00:11:20,980 WE HAVE LANDERS ON THE SURFACE NOW AND ORBITERS. 227 00:11:20,980 --> 00:11:24,100 AND THE NEXT STEP, OF COURSE, IS WE WANT TO BE ABLE TO BRING BACK 228 00:11:24,100 --> 00:11:25,410 SAMPLES. 229 00:11:25,410 --> 00:11:27,750 SO PLUTO, HERE WE COME. 230 00:11:27,750 --> 00:11:29,550 THIS IS A FLY-BY MISSION. 231 00:11:29,550 --> 00:11:33,630 A HISTORIC MISSIONMENT WE WANT TO GET A GOOD LOOK AT IT. 232 00:11:33,630 --> 00:11:37,450 THAT'S GOING TO ENABLE US TO FIGURE OUT WHAT THOSE NEXT STEPS 233 00:11:37,450 --> 00:11:38,450 ARE. 234 00:11:38,450 --> 00:11:41,350 AND I BELIEVE THIS OBJECT IS GOING TO BE SO EXCITING WE'RE 235 00:11:41,350 --> 00:11:43,060 GOING TO WANT TO GET BACK. 236 00:11:43,060 --> 00:11:45,699 AND I HOPE WE WILL BE ABLE TO GET BACK IN OUR LIFETIMES, 237 00:11:45,699 --> 00:11:47,440 PERHAPS ORBITED. 238 00:11:47,440 --> 00:11:50,550 THAT WOULD BE A TRULY SPECTACULAR MISSION. 239 00:11:50,550 --> 00:11:53,140 BUT RIGHT NOW WE ARE WELL ON OUR WAY. 240 00:11:53,140 --> 00:11:58,360 AS ALAN MENTIONED EARLIER IN THE VIDEO, WE ARE MORE THAN THIRD 241 00:11:58,360 --> 00:11:59,360 BASE. 242 00:11:59,360 --> 00:12:03,209 WE ARE MOVING FAST, ON THE WAY TO HOME. 243 00:12:03,209 --> 00:12:06,670 AND IT'S GOING TO BE A REAL HOME RUN FOR US. 244 00:12:06,670 --> 00:12:09,970 SO I THINK WITH THAT I HAVE TIME FOR A FEW MORE QUESTIONS IF YOU 245 00:12:09,970 --> 00:12:10,970 HAVE ANY. 246 00:12:10,970 --> 00:12:12,170 >> ALL RIGHT. 247 00:12:12,170 --> 00:12:15,069 THOSE IN THE ROOM, WAIT FOR A MICROPHONE. 248 00:12:15,069 --> 00:12:17,670 OTHERWISE, WE'VE GOT QUESTIONS FROM THE LINE FROM LOWELL. 249 00:12:17,670 --> 00:12:21,070 WE'RE ALSO TAKING YOUR QUESTIONS USING #ASKNASA IF YOU'RE 250 00:12:21,070 --> 00:12:26,690 FOLLOWING ALONG AT HOME. 251 00:12:26,690 --> 00:12:33,139 >> IF NEW HORIZONS PROVES THAT THERE'S WATER ON PLUTO OR INSIDE 252 00:12:33,139 --> 00:12:38,449 PLUTO, DOES IT MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE IN THE STATURE OF 253 00:12:38,449 --> 00:12:39,449 PLUTO? 254 00:12:39,449 --> 00:12:44,339 >> THE STATURE OF POLLUTE TOE IN MY MIND AS A SCIENTIST IS 255 00:12:44,339 --> 00:12:45,339 ALREADY THERE. 256 00:12:45,339 --> 00:12:50,680 IT IS ALREADY AN OBJECT WELL WORTH EXAMINING IN GREAT DETAIL. 257 00:12:50,680 --> 00:12:54,529 YOU KNOW, THE MORE WE SEE AND ANALYZE THE DATA FROM OUR 258 00:12:54,529 --> 00:12:58,370 MISSIONS THE MORE WE REALIZE THE IMPORTANCE WATER PLAYS NOT ONLY 259 00:12:58,370 --> 00:13:02,209 IN LIFE BUT IN ALL OUR AREAS IN YOUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 260 00:13:02,209 --> 00:13:07,069 AND I BELIEVE THE KUIPER BELT IS FULL OF WATER ICE AND FULL OF 261 00:13:07,069 --> 00:13:12,220 OTHER VOLATILES AND PERHAPS PLAYS A VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN 262 00:13:12,220 --> 00:13:15,000 FEEDING LIFE HERE ON EARTH. 263 00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:20,209 WE NOW KNOW FROM OUR MODELS THAT THE PLANETS WHERE THEY ARE NOW, 264 00:13:20,209 --> 00:13:23,660 PARTICULARLY THE GAS GIANTS ARE NOT IN THE LOCATION WHERE THEY 265 00:13:23,660 --> 00:13:25,660 ORIGINALLY FORMED. 266 00:13:25,660 --> 00:13:29,670 AND JUPITER'S GRAVITY PUSHED THEM AROUND VERY EARLY ON IN THE 267 00:13:29,670 --> 00:13:30,980 SOLAR SYSTEM. 268 00:13:30,980 --> 00:13:34,009 THAT TOOK THAT KUIPER BELT AREA AND BROUGHT IT INWARD, BROUGHT 269 00:13:34,009 --> 00:13:38,610 IN THE COMETS, THE ASTEROIDS AND COUPER BELT OBJECTS AND BROUGHT 270 00:13:38,610 --> 00:13:42,839 IN WATER THAT THEN OF COURSE HERE ON EARTH IS SO ESSENTIAL 271 00:13:42,839 --> 00:13:44,000 FOR LIFE TO GROW. 272 00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:46,410 WE'RE JUST BEGINNING TO REALIZE THE 273 00:13:46,410 --> 00:13:48,990 IMPORTANCE OF THE KUIPER BELT OBJECTS. 274 00:13:48,990 --> 00:13:52,490 AND SO I WOULDN'T BE SURPRISED IF WE SEE WATER ICE. 275 00:13:52,490 --> 00:13:57,200 I WOULDN'T BE SURPRISED IF WE SEE FEATURES ON IT THAT TELL US 276 00:13:57,200 --> 00:14:00,589 A LOT ABOUT HOW THESE OBJECTS GET TOGETHER. 277 00:14:00,589 --> 00:14:03,209 AND THAT'S GOING TO BE CRITICAL FOR OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE 278 00:14:03,209 --> 00:14:05,790 ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 279 00:14:05,790 --> 00:14:06,839 >> WONDERFUL. 280 00:14:06,839 --> 00:14:08,629 OUR NEXT QUESTION COMES FROM LOWELL OBSERVATORY. 281 00:14:08,629 --> 00:14:09,629 >> HI. 282 00:14:09,629 --> 00:14:13,339 MY NAME IS CARMEN AUSTIN, NASA SOCIAL LOWELL OBSERVATORY. 283 00:14:13,339 --> 00:14:15,450 I HAVE A QUESTION ABOUT THE SPEED OF THE NEW HORIZONS 284 00:14:15,450 --> 00:14:16,450 SPACECRAFT. 285 00:14:16,450 --> 00:14:17,450 SO I KNOW IT'S BEEN MENTIONED TODAY WE LIKE TO SAY NEW 286 00:14:17,450 --> 00:14:18,450 HORIZONS WAS THE FASTEST SPACECRAFT EVER LAUNCHED. 287 00:14:18,450 --> 00:14:26,660 AND THAT SOUNDS AWESOME. 288 00:14:26,660 --> 00:14:46,023 BUT I HEARD THE HELIO 2 PRO IS THE FASTEST MAN MADE SPACECRAFT 289 00:14:46,023 --> 00:14:47,023 OR VEHICLE OF ANY KIND EVER. 290 00:14:47,023 --> 00:14:48,023 SO WHICH IS REALLY THE FASTEST AND WHY DO WE SAY THAT BOTH ARE 291 00:14:48,023 --> 00:14:49,023 THE FASTEST? 292 00:14:49,023 --> 00:14:50,023 WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE? 293 00:14:50,023 --> 00:14:51,023 >> WELL, INDEED, THE LITTLE VIDEO TOLD US WE STRIPPED DOWN 294 00:14:51,023 --> 00:14:52,023 THE ATLAS. 295 00:14:52,023 --> 00:14:54,569 WE GOT AS MUCH POWER OUT OF IT AS WE POSSIBLY COULD. 296 00:14:54,569 --> 00:14:58,249 AND ON LAUNCH IT INDEED WAS THE FASTEST SPACECRAFT. 297 00:14:58,249 --> 00:15:01,949 BUT THESE SPACECRAFT MOVE THROUGH OUR SOLAR SYSTEM TO GET 298 00:15:01,949 --> 00:15:05,839 WHERE THEY NEED TO GO, THERE'S ALL SORTS OF GRAVITY, ALL SORTS 299 00:15:05,839 --> 00:15:09,980 OF THING WE HAVE TO DO TO CHANGE THEIR SPEED, CHANGE THEIR 300 00:15:09,980 --> 00:15:13,629 DIRECTION, TO BE ABLE TO GET TO THEIR LOCATION. 301 00:15:13,629 --> 00:15:18,320 INDEED, HELIOS 1 AND 2 HAVE VERY MUCH SPACECRAFT. 302 00:15:18,320 --> 00:15:19,819 THEY ARE NO LONGER IN EXISTENCE. 303 00:15:19,819 --> 00:15:21,610 THEY NO LONGER HAVE ANY DATA. 304 00:15:21,610 --> 00:15:25,250 THEY GO BACK AND HAVE BEEN DEAD FOR PROBABLY 20 YEARS. 305 00:15:25,250 --> 00:15:27,999 SO WE NEED TO KEEP LOOKING AHEAD. 306 00:15:27,999 --> 00:15:31,870 INDEED, NEW HORIZONS IS CURRENTLY THE FASTEST SPACECRAFT 307 00:15:31,870 --> 00:15:35,169 IN OUR CURRENT OPERATING FLEET, BAR NONE. 308 00:15:35,169 --> 00:15:37,799 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 309 00:15:37,799 --> 00:15:39,120 >> ALL RIGHT. 310 00:15:39,120 --> 00:15:41,620 NEXT QUESTION FROM IN THE ROOM HERE. 311 00:15:41,620 --> 00:15:47,449 OTHER QUESTIONS? 312 00:15:47,449 --> 00:15:51,689 >> WHAT WAS THE TIME FRAME, WHAT'S THE ALCOHOL SCALE FROM 313 00:15:51,689 --> 00:15:53,930 DREAM TO GETTING THERE? 314 00:15:53,930 --> 00:15:55,680 >> SO IT TOOK MANY, MANY YEARS. 315 00:15:55,680 --> 00:15:58,249 I WASN'T INVOLVED IN THE EARLY PART OF IT. 316 00:15:58,249 --> 00:15:59,740 BUT ALAN WAS. 317 00:15:59,740 --> 00:16:02,290 SO PLEASE HOLD THAT QUESTION FOR ALAN, BECAUSE I'M SURE HE'LL 318 00:16:02,290 --> 00:16:06,180 TELL YOU HOW HARD IT WAS TO GO THROUGH THE PROCESS OF FINALLY 319 00:16:06,180 --> 00:16:08,389 GETTING THIS MISSION ON THE BOOKS. 320 00:16:08,389 --> 00:16:12,749 BUT I WILL TELL YOU THAT EACH AND EVERY ONE OF OUR MISSIONS DO 321 00:16:12,749 --> 00:16:17,470 INDEED TAKE A LONG TIME TO MATURE THE CONCEPT, TO GET IT 322 00:16:17,470 --> 00:16:21,410 JUST RIGHT AND MAKE IT COMPETITIVE SO THAT NASA THEN 323 00:16:21,410 --> 00:16:23,290 SELECTS THAT BEST IDEA. 324 00:16:23,290 --> 00:16:26,499 THIS IS REALLY A TOUGH BUSINESS FROM THAT PERSPECTIVE. 325 00:16:26,499 --> 00:16:30,399 BUT WHEN WE DO MAKE A SELECTION, YOU CAN BE GUARANTEED THAT THESE 326 00:16:30,399 --> 00:16:34,660 ARE THE TOP MISSIONS THAT HUMANS HAVE EVER PUT TOGETHER IN THESE 327 00:16:34,660 --> 00:16:35,660 AREAS. 328 00:16:35,660 --> 00:16:38,050 AND NEW HORIZONS IS CERTAINLY IN THAT CATEGORY. 329 00:16:38,050 --> 00:16:39,629 >> ALL RIGHT. 330 00:16:39,629 --> 00:16:40,740 ANOTHER QUESTION FROM LOWELL. 331 00:16:40,740 --> 00:16:41,740 >> HI. 332 00:16:41,740 --> 00:16:42,740 GOOD AFTERNOON. 333 00:16:42,740 --> 00:16:45,250 THIS IS MICHAEL KAISER FROM THE NASA SOCIAL AT LOWELL. 334 00:16:45,250 --> 00:16:49,420 SO MY QUESTION HAS TO DO WITH THE SPECK TRAFFIC MY INSTRUMENTS 335 00:16:49,420 --> 00:16:50,420 ON NASA. 336 00:16:50,420 --> 00:16:57,459 CAN WE DETERMINE THE CHEMICAL MAKEUP OF PLUTO'S CHEMICAL 337 00:16:57,459 --> 00:16:58,459 MAKEUP? 338 00:16:58,459 --> 00:17:02,230 >> THAT'S ANOTHER GREAT QUESTION FOR ALAN. 339 00:17:02,230 --> 00:17:04,490 I DON'T WANT TO TAKE ANY OF THESE QUESTIONS AWAY FROM HIM 340 00:17:04,490 --> 00:17:08,520 BECAUSE HE'S REALLY GOT THE DETAILS ON ALL THE INSTRUMENTS. 341 00:17:08,520 --> 00:17:10,480 SO LET'S SAVE THAT ONE FOR HIM. 342 00:17:10,480 --> 00:17:11,880 >> ALL RIGHT. 343 00:17:11,880 --> 00:17:14,420 OTHER QUESTIONS IN THE ROOM? 344 00:17:14,420 --> 00:17:16,209 >> HELLO, DR. 345 00:17:16,209 --> 00:17:17,209 GREEN. 346 00:17:17,209 --> 00:17:24,410 YOU TOUCHED A LITTLE BIT ON IT YESTERDAY AT THE SMITHSONIAN, 347 00:17:24,410 --> 00:17:29,990 BUT I KNOW THE MISSION IS 200 WATTS DUE TO THE PELLETS. 348 00:17:29,990 --> 00:17:33,990 HOW HOW LONG COULD THE MISSION GO ON FOR? 349 00:17:33,990 --> 00:17:38,890 LIKE IT HAS BEEN GONE ON WELL OVER 25 PLUS YEARS? 350 00:17:38,890 --> 00:17:40,790 >> SO WHAT MAKES A MISSION LAST? 351 00:17:40,790 --> 00:17:42,410 IT HAS TO HAVE POWER. 352 00:17:42,410 --> 00:17:45,420 NEW HORIZONS BRINGS ITS OWN POWER WITH IT. 353 00:17:45,420 --> 00:17:51,050 HOW IT DOES THAT IS THIS ELEMENT RIGHT HERE ON THE BACK OF THE 354 00:17:51,050 --> 00:17:55,200 SPACECRAFT IS RADIO ISOTOPE THERMAL GENERATOR. 355 00:17:55,200 --> 00:18:00,420 AND YOU SAY USES THE PLUTONIUM 238 INTO AVA RIGHT OF PRODUCTS, 356 00:18:00,420 --> 00:18:02,960 ONE OF WHICH IS HUMAN YUM. 357 00:18:02,960 --> 00:18:06,240 IT IS STRIPPED OFF ALL ITS ELECTRONS. 358 00:18:06,240 --> 00:18:08,720 IT GIVES A PUNCH. 359 00:18:08,720 --> 00:18:11,140 THAT CAN HEAT THINGS UP. 360 00:18:11,140 --> 00:18:15,950 WE TAKE THE HEAT FROM THE DECAY OF PLUTONIUM AND WE TURN THAT 361 00:18:15,950 --> 00:18:20,000 INTO ELECTRICITY BY CHARGING UP BATTERIES AND USING THE 362 00:18:20,000 --> 00:18:21,000 BATTERIES. 363 00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:26,440 SO AS LONG AS IT TAKES ITS OWN POWER, IT'S GOING TO DO GREAT. 364 00:18:26,440 --> 00:18:30,100 SO JUST LIKE THE VOYAGERS, WHO ALSO HAVE RADIO ISOTOPE POWER 365 00:18:30,100 --> 00:18:33,900 SYSTEMS ON THEM, THEY DECAY OVER TIME. 366 00:18:33,900 --> 00:18:37,420 RIGHT NOW THE VOYAGERS ARE WORKING ON A MATTER OF 10 WATTS 367 00:18:37,420 --> 00:18:38,730 OR SO. 368 00:18:38,730 --> 00:18:43,100 IT'S GOING TO TAKE SEVERAL DECADES BEFORE NEW HORIZONS WILL 369 00:18:43,100 --> 00:18:46,360 GET DOWN TO THE FEW WATTS AREA. 370 00:18:46,360 --> 00:18:50,000 SO AS LONG AS THE SPACECRAFT IS HEALTHY, SO LONG ITS INSTRUMENTS 371 00:18:50,000 --> 00:18:55,510 CAN WORK WITH THE POWER THAT'S AVAILABLE, IT HAS THE POTENTIAL 372 00:18:55,510 --> 00:18:57,630 TO CONTINUE TO OPERATE. 373 00:18:57,630 --> 00:18:59,020 >> THANKS. 374 00:18:59,020 --> 00:19:00,020 >> YOU BET. 375 00:19:00,020 --> 00:19:01,020 >> ALL RIGHT. 376 00:19:01,020 --> 00:19:02,020 OUR NEXT QUESTION COMES FROM LOWELL. 377 00:19:02,020 --> 00:19:03,020 >> THIS IS PAULINE AT THE NASA SOCIAL LOWELL OBSERVATORY. 378 00:19:03,020 --> 00:19:14,740 -- OR DO YOU THINK THERE'S A CHANCE THAT AN APPROACH WE WILL 379 00:19:14,740 --> 00:19:19,059 HAVE NEW IDEAS ALTOGETHER? 380 00:19:19,059 --> 00:19:24,020 >> WELL, YOU KNOW, FROM A NASA PERSPECTIVE, AS I MENTIONED 381 00:19:24,020 --> 00:19:29,140 EARLY ON, WE DON'T CARE WHAT WE CALL IT, PLANET, DWARF PLANET. 382 00:19:29,140 --> 00:19:32,320 BUT I HAVE TO TELL YOU THIS IS A FASCINATING BODY. 383 00:19:32,320 --> 00:19:35,690 I'VE NEVER SEEN ANYTHING LIKE IT IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 384 00:19:35,690 --> 00:19:38,880 YOU KNOW, PLUTO AND CHARON ARE PRETTY MASSIVE. 385 00:19:38,880 --> 00:19:41,870 THEY DO THIS DANCE AROUND THE CENTER OF GRAVITY. 386 00:19:41,870 --> 00:19:44,800 THE CENTER OF GRAVITY BETWEEN THE EARTH AND OUR MOON IS WELL 387 00:19:44,800 --> 00:19:45,910 INSIDE OUR EARTH. 388 00:19:45,910 --> 00:19:49,340 AND IT LOOKS LIKE THE MOON CONSTANTLY GOES AROUND THE 389 00:19:49,340 --> 00:19:50,340 EARTH. 390 00:19:50,340 --> 00:19:52,990 BUT THAT'S NOT WHAT THIS SYSTEM IS ALL ABOUT AT ALL. 391 00:19:52,990 --> 00:19:56,840 IT LOOKS MORE LIKE BINARY STARS WHERE YOU HAVE TWO COMPARABLE 392 00:19:56,840 --> 00:20:00,580 OBJECTS FIGHTING IT OUT. 393 00:20:00,580 --> 00:20:06,400 AND THE MOONS, THE MOONS ARE SOMETIMES CHAOTICALLY BUFFERED 394 00:20:06,400 --> 00:20:10,260 AROUND AND ALSO QUITE FASCINATING. 395 00:20:10,260 --> 00:20:14,020 SO THIS SYSTEM IS NOTHING LIKE ANYTHING WE HAVE EVER SEEN. 396 00:20:14,020 --> 00:20:18,590 WHEN THAT HAPPENS, YOU ALWAYS WANT TO RETHINK WHAT YOU KNOW 397 00:20:18,590 --> 00:20:20,940 AND WHAT YOU'VE LEARNED. 398 00:20:20,940 --> 00:20:24,460 AND THEN YOU CAN MOVE FORWARD WITH NEW AND DIFFERENT IDEAS. 399 00:20:24,460 --> 00:20:26,770 SO LET'S SEE WHAT HAPPENS NEXT. 400 00:20:26,770 --> 00:20:28,830 >> ALL RIGHT. 401 00:20:28,830 --> 00:20:31,930 ONE MORE QUESTION IN THE ROOM HERE. 402 00:20:31,930 --> 00:20:39,200 >> HEY, SO WITH WHAT YOU JUST SAID ABOUT THE CENTER OF GRAVITY 403 00:20:39,200 --> 00:20:42,590 BETWEEN PLUTO AND THE MOON, THAT WOULD INFER THERE'S SOME SORT OF 404 00:20:42,590 --> 00:20:47,320 STABLE ORBITS LIKE A LE GRUNGE POINT KIND OF THING. 405 00:20:47,320 --> 00:20:49,760 WOULD NEW HORIZONS BE ABLE TO LOOK INTO WHAT'S HAPPENING THERE 406 00:20:49,760 --> 00:20:50,890 AS WELL. 407 00:20:50,890 --> 00:20:51,890 >> ABSOLUTELY. 408 00:20:51,890 --> 00:20:55,620 NEW HORIZONS, AS IT MAKES ITS WAY TOWARDS PLUTO IS CONSTANTLY 409 00:20:55,620 --> 00:20:57,450 SCANNING THAT WHOLE AREA. 410 00:20:57,450 --> 00:21:02,260 WE'RE ACTUALLY VERY LUCKY THAT THE ROTATIONAL AXIS OF PLUTO IS 411 00:21:02,260 --> 00:21:07,160 LYING DOWN MORE LIKE THE PLANE OF THE PLANETS, OKAY. 412 00:21:07,160 --> 00:21:10,440 AND THEN THAT MEANS ITS MOONS ARE DISPLAYED RIGHT IN FRONT OF 413 00:21:10,440 --> 00:21:11,560 US. 414 00:21:11,560 --> 00:21:15,281 SO WE'RE ABLE TO THEN SEE THEIR POSITIONS BETTER, UNDERSTAND 415 00:21:15,281 --> 00:21:20,090 THEIR MASSES, UNDERSTAND THEIR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EACH OTHER, 416 00:21:20,090 --> 00:21:22,670 GET AN IDEA OF HOW THE GRAVITATIONAL RESONANCES ARE 417 00:21:22,670 --> 00:21:26,440 ALLOWING THE MOONS TO EXIST IN THESE LOCATIONS AND NOT IN 418 00:21:26,440 --> 00:21:27,440 OTHERS. 419 00:21:27,440 --> 00:21:29,770 SO ALL THAT SCIENCE IS GOING TO BE DONE AS WE TAKE THIS 420 00:21:29,770 --> 00:21:31,840 FLY-THROUGH AND GET THE DATA. 421 00:21:31,840 --> 00:21:33,470 >> ALL RIGHT. 422 00:21:33,470 --> 00:21:35,161 ONE MORE QUESTION FROM LOWELL. 423 00:21:35,161 --> 00:21:38,350 >> AND LOWELL DOESN'T HAVE ANYMORE QUESTIONS. 424 00:21:38,350 --> 00:21:39,740 THANK YOU. 425 00:21:39,740 --> 00:21:40,920 >> ALL RIGHT, THEN. 426 00:21:40,920 --> 00:21:42,450 LET'S GIVE A ROUND OF APPLAUSE FOR JIM. 427 00:21:42,450 --> 00:21:43,670 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 428 00:21:43,670 --> 00:21:47,120 THANK YOU FOR JOINING US TODAY. 429 00:21:47,120 --> 00:21:48,270 >> MY PLEASURE. 430 00:21:48,270 --> 00:21:51,310 >> UP NEXT THE PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR FOR THE NEW 431 00:21:51,310 --> 00:21:52,650 HORIZONS MISSION, DR. 432 00:21:52,650 --> 00:21:54,360 ALAN STERN FROM THE SOUTHWEST RESEARCH 433 00:21:54,360 --> 00:21:55,480 INSTITUTE. 434 00:21:55,480 --> 00:21:56,610 ALAN? 435 00:21:56,610 --> 00:21:58,870 >> HEY, EVERYBODY. 436 00:21:58,870 --> 00:22:01,130 GOOD AFTERNOON. 437 00:22:01,130 --> 00:22:02,220 IS THE MIKE LIVE? 438 00:22:02,220 --> 00:22:03,680 CAN YOU HEAR IT? 439 00:22:03,680 --> 00:22:04,680 GREAT. 440 00:22:04,680 --> 00:22:06,020 WELL, I'M EXCITED TO TELL YOU ABOUT NEW HORIZONS. 441 00:22:06,020 --> 00:22:09,010 AND I APPRECIATE JIM SORT OF PUTTING IT ALL IN CONTEXT WITHIN 442 00:22:09,010 --> 00:22:11,740 THE NASA PLANETARY EXPLORATION PROGRAM. 443 00:22:11,740 --> 00:22:14,530 IF WE CAN HAVE THE FIRST TIME STEP. 444 00:22:14,530 --> 00:22:19,070 GO AHEAD AND PUT THE FIRST SLIDE UP, DAVID. 445 00:22:19,070 --> 00:22:21,960 THIS IS A CARTOON VIEW. 446 00:22:21,960 --> 00:22:25,410 IT STARTS WAY DOWN BY THE SUN. 447 00:22:25,410 --> 00:22:30,040 EACH OF THOSE WHITE ARE THE MIDDLE SOLAR SYSTEM. 448 00:22:30,040 --> 00:22:33,830 YOU CAN'T EVEN SEE THE ORBITS OF THE EARTH AND MARS, MERCURY, AND 449 00:22:33,830 --> 00:22:35,410 VENUS ON THIS SCALE. 450 00:22:35,410 --> 00:22:37,580 THIS IS REALLY AN EPIC JOURNEY. 451 00:22:37,580 --> 00:22:40,460 ALL THE WAY ACROSS OUR SOLAR SYSTEM TO THE VERY FRONTIER OF 452 00:22:40,460 --> 00:22:41,460 HUMAN KNOWLEDGE. 453 00:22:41,460 --> 00:22:44,280 AND TO THE VERY FRONTIER OF EXPLORATION. 454 00:22:44,280 --> 00:22:46,081 WE'RE FOLLOWING IN THE FOOTSTEPS OF GIANTS. 455 00:22:46,081 --> 00:22:51,800 GIANTS NAMED MARINER, FIRST TO MARS AND FIRST TO VENUS. 456 00:22:51,800 --> 00:22:52,830 FIRST TO MERCURY. 457 00:22:52,830 --> 00:22:55,630 GIANTS LIKE PIONEER, FIRST TO JUPITER AND SATURN. 458 00:22:55,630 --> 00:22:59,690 AND OF COURSE THE STORIED MISSION VOYAGER, FIRST TO URANUS 459 00:22:59,690 --> 00:23:02,010 AND FIRST TO NEPTUNE. 460 00:23:02,010 --> 00:23:03,980 AND DAWN, FIRST TO SERIES. 461 00:23:03,980 --> 00:23:05,970 THESE ARE THE PLANETS OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. 462 00:23:05,970 --> 00:23:09,140 THESE ARE THE MISSIONS AND THE MISSION TEAMS THAT HAVE FOR ALL 463 00:23:09,140 --> 00:23:12,580 OF HISTORY OPENED THEM UP FROM WHAT CARL SAGAN CALLED POINTS OF 464 00:23:12,580 --> 00:23:17,450 LIGHT INTO TRUE PLANETS WHERE WE CAN WRITE THE TEXTBOOKS AND 465 00:23:17,450 --> 00:23:20,890 UNDERSTAND WHAT THEY'RE ABOUT, OUR LARGER SURROUNDINGS BEYOND 466 00:23:20,890 --> 00:23:23,480 THE EARTH, OUR HOME SOLAR SYSTEM. 467 00:23:23,480 --> 00:23:28,540 NEW HORIZONS HAS FLOWN SINCE 2006 AT RECORD SPEED CROSSING 468 00:23:28,540 --> 00:23:32,580 THE OR BITS OF MARS, JUPITER, SATURN, URANUS AND NEPTUNE, IN 469 00:23:32,580 --> 00:23:37,900 EACH CASE SETTING A RECORD TO THAT PLANET'S ORBIT ON SHORT 470 00:23:37,900 --> 00:23:44,340 COURSE TO INTERCEPT PLUTO IN JULY, JULY 14th, BASTILLE DAY, 471 00:23:44,340 --> 00:23:45,380 2015. 472 00:23:45,380 --> 00:23:48,180 YOU SEE THE THIRD ZONE OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM DEPICTED HERE. 473 00:23:48,180 --> 00:23:52,090 KUIPER BELT IS THE LARGEST STRUCTURE AND IT WASN'T EVEN 474 00:23:52,090 --> 00:23:54,440 DISCOVERED UNTIL THE 1990s. 475 00:23:54,440 --> 00:23:59,320 NEW HORIZONS IS THE FIRST EXPLORATION OF THAT REGION. 476 00:23:59,320 --> 00:24:01,580 PRIMARY TARGET IS THE PLUTO SYSTEM. 477 00:24:01,580 --> 00:24:05,330 PLUTO IS THE LARGEST, THE BRIGHTEST, THE FIRST DISCOVERED, 478 00:24:05,330 --> 00:24:08,750 AND THE MOST COMPLEX TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF ANY OBJECT IN THE 479 00:24:08,750 --> 00:24:09,950 KUIPER BELT. 480 00:24:09,950 --> 00:24:11,770 IT HAS FIVE SATELLITES. 481 00:24:11,770 --> 00:24:13,440 IT HAS AN ATMOSPHERE. 482 00:24:13,440 --> 00:24:16,150 IT HAS A MOON THE SIZE OF TEXAS ORBITING SO CLOSE THEY 483 00:24:16,150 --> 00:24:17,930 CONSTITUTE A BINARY. 484 00:24:17,930 --> 00:24:20,940 FOUR SMALLER MOONS AND MORE TO BE DISCOVERED. 485 00:24:20,940 --> 00:24:22,250 AND MAYBE EVEN RINGS. 486 00:24:22,250 --> 00:24:26,280 IT IS MADE OF ROCK ON THE INSIDE, BUT IT WEARS AN OUTER 487 00:24:26,280 --> 00:24:36,090 SHELL OF ICE, AND EXOTIC ICE, CARBON MONOXIDE. 488 00:24:36,090 --> 00:24:41,050 IT HAS WINDS, SEASONS, PRECIPITATION IN THE FORM OF 489 00:24:41,050 --> 00:24:42,810 SNOWS ONTO THE SURFACE. 490 00:24:42,810 --> 00:24:46,490 WE EVEN SEE THIS ATMOSPHERE HAS DOUBLED IN PRESSURE SINCE WE 491 00:24:46,490 --> 00:24:47,870 HAVE BEEN OBSERVING IT. 492 00:24:47,870 --> 00:24:51,880 WE SEE THE SNOWS HAVE CHANGED THE SURFACE APPEARANCE OF PLUTO. 493 00:24:51,880 --> 00:24:55,580 WE KNOW IT'S A COMPLEX WORLD. 494 00:24:55,580 --> 00:24:57,160 BUT IT'S NOT ALONE. 495 00:24:57,160 --> 00:24:59,320 AND I'M GOING TO BE TELLING YOU ABOUT THE KUIPER BELT IN JUST A 496 00:24:59,320 --> 00:25:00,320 BIT. 497 00:25:00,320 --> 00:25:02,820 FIRST I WANT TO TELL YOU ABOUT SOME OF THE FIRSTS THAT NEW 498 00:25:02,820 --> 00:25:04,410 HORIZONS IS GOING TO BE MAKING. 499 00:25:04,410 --> 00:25:08,050 WE ARE THE FIRST MISSION TO THE KUIPER BELT, THE FIRST TO 500 00:25:08,050 --> 00:25:09,050 EXPLORE THE PLUTO SYSTEM. 501 00:25:09,050 --> 00:25:13,270 BUT AS YOU SEE, WE ARE THE FIRST IN NASA'S NEW FRONTIER PLANETARY 502 00:25:13,270 --> 00:25:14,960 EXPLORATION PROGRAM. 503 00:25:14,960 --> 00:25:18,030 THIS IS ACTUALLY THE FIRST MISSION TO AN OUTER PLANET LED 504 00:25:18,030 --> 00:25:21,160 BY AN INDIVIDUAL PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR AND TEAM. 505 00:25:21,160 --> 00:25:23,220 AND THERE ARE MORE FIRSTS THERE AS WELL. 506 00:25:23,220 --> 00:25:24,250 YOU CAN READ THEM. 507 00:25:24,250 --> 00:25:28,690 BUT I WANT TO TELL YOU ABOUT A LACK THAT I'M VERY PROUD OF. 508 00:25:28,690 --> 00:25:31,420 THAT IS 245 WE ARE COMPLETING THE RECONNAISSANCE OF THE SOLAR 509 00:25:31,420 --> 00:25:35,490 SYSTEM. 510 00:25:35,490 --> 00:25:39,420 THEY ARE FLYING ANCHOR LEG IN A RELAY THAT BEGAN IN THE 1960s IN 511 00:25:39,420 --> 00:25:43,690 WHICH NASA HAS BEEN FIRST TO EVERY PLANET AND OPENED OUR EYES 512 00:25:43,690 --> 00:25:47,540 TO THE TRUE DIVERSITY OF PLANETARY TYPES, FROM 513 00:25:47,540 --> 00:25:53,160 MIDDLE-SIZED TERRESTRIAL TO THE GARGANTUAN OF THE GAS GIANT 514 00:25:53,160 --> 00:25:56,320 REGION, TO THE KUIPER BELT. 515 00:25:56,320 --> 00:26:00,420 IN FACT, SMALL PLANETS ARE REPRESENTED RIGHT HERE. 516 00:26:00,420 --> 00:26:02,660 THESE ARE ACTUAL WORLDS IN THE KUIPER BELT. 517 00:26:02,660 --> 00:26:10,270 THE LARGEEST MEMBERS OF THE KUIPER BEST, PLUTO. 518 00:26:10,270 --> 00:26:13,210 YOU CAN SEE, THESE ARE REPRESENTED TO THEIR RELATIVE 519 00:26:13,210 --> 00:26:17,000 SIZE WITH THEIR SATELLITES WHEN THEY ARE KNOWN. 520 00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:18,380 THEIR TRUE COLORS AND REFLECTIVITY. 521 00:26:18,380 --> 00:26:22,740 THE THING I WANT YOU TO NOTICE IS THE DIVERSITY OF THESE 522 00:26:22,740 --> 00:26:24,810 PLANETS IN THE KUIPER BELT. 523 00:26:24,810 --> 00:26:26,870 IT'S SOMETHING WE DON'T UNDERSTAND. 524 00:26:26,870 --> 00:26:30,130 WE DON'T KNOW WHY THEY SHOULD BE SUCH A GREAT VARIETY. 525 00:26:30,130 --> 00:26:33,730 YOU MIGHT THINK ALL BEING FORMED SO FAR AWAY WHEN IT'S COLD THEY 526 00:26:33,730 --> 00:26:34,790 WOULD BE SIMILAR. 527 00:26:34,790 --> 00:26:36,480 IT'S A MYSTERY. 528 00:26:36,480 --> 00:26:39,950 WITH NEW HORIZONS WE'RE GOING TO BE ABLE TO EXPLORE THE FIRST IN 529 00:26:39,950 --> 00:26:43,020 DEPTH AND WE WILL DO IT IN LESS THAN SIX WEEKS. 530 00:26:43,020 --> 00:26:45,110 IF I COULD HAVE THE NEXT TIME STAMP. 531 00:26:45,110 --> 00:26:48,350 THIS IS THE SPACECRAFT THAT WILL MAKE THAT EXPLORATION. 532 00:26:48,350 --> 00:26:51,430 NEW HORIZONS IS ONLY THE SIZE OF A BABY GRAND PIANO. 533 00:26:51,430 --> 00:26:55,680 A LOT LAUNCH AT FULL FUEL SUPPLY, IT WEIGHED ABOUT 1,000 534 00:26:55,680 --> 00:26:56,680 POUNDS. 535 00:26:56,680 --> 00:27:01,780 INSIDE THAT SPACECRAFT, WHICH IS DRAWN ON THE LEFT AND SHOWN IN A 536 00:27:01,780 --> 00:27:04,850 PICTURE TAKEN DOWN AT THE CAPE BEFORE LAUNCH ON THE RIGHT, 537 00:27:04,850 --> 00:27:07,870 INSIDE THAT SPACECRAFT ARE ALL THE SYSTEMS THAT ARE NEEDED FOR 538 00:27:07,870 --> 00:27:09,640 THE JOURNEY. 539 00:27:09,640 --> 00:27:14,280 PROPULSION, GUIDANCE, DATA AND COMMAND HANDLING, 540 00:27:14,280 --> 00:27:15,280 COMMUNICATIONS. 541 00:27:15,280 --> 00:27:20,690 ON THE OUTSIDE ARE 9 SEVEN SCIENTIST INSTRUMENTS, RADIO 542 00:27:20,690 --> 00:27:24,130 SCIENCE, CAMERAS, STUDENT DUST COUNTER TO BE USED TO EXPLORE 543 00:27:24,130 --> 00:27:25,340 THE SYSTEM. 544 00:27:25,340 --> 00:27:28,100 THE SEVEN INSTRUMENTS ABOARD NEW HORIZONS ARE SOMETHING REALLY 545 00:27:28,100 --> 00:27:33,260 NOTABLE BECAUSE THEY WERE HIGHLY MINIATURIZED TO FIT ON A SMALL 546 00:27:33,260 --> 00:27:35,680 SPACECRAFT SO WE COULD GET A FAST LAUNCH. 547 00:27:35,680 --> 00:27:39,500 THE SEVEN ON THIS PAY LOAD ARE THE MOST SOPHISTICATED AND 548 00:27:39,500 --> 00:27:44,220 CAPABLE BATTERY OF INSTRUMENTS SENT SO A FIRST RECONNAISSANCE 549 00:27:44,220 --> 00:27:48,320 AND YET THEY WEIGH COMBINED LESS THAN JUST A CAMERA ON THE 550 00:27:48,320 --> 00:27:50,220 ORBITER. 551 00:27:50,220 --> 00:27:55,170 AND ALL SEVEN COULD TURN THEM ALL ON AT ONCE AND DRAW 28 552 00:27:55,170 --> 00:27:56,170 WATTS. 553 00:27:56,170 --> 00:27:57,830 THAT'S A NIGHT LIGHT. 554 00:27:57,830 --> 00:27:58,880 IT'S AMAZING. 555 00:27:58,880 --> 00:28:02,700 THE POWER OF THESE INSTRUMENTS IS ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE BEYOND 556 00:28:02,700 --> 00:28:06,240 WHAT WAS AVAILABLE IN OUR TECHNOLOGY IN THE 1970s TO BUILD 557 00:28:06,240 --> 00:28:07,240 FOR VOYAGER. 558 00:28:07,240 --> 00:28:10,860 WE WILL HAVE DATA SETS THAT WILL JUST BE MOUTHWATERING. 559 00:28:10,860 --> 00:28:17,560 WE ARE GOING TO HAVE SURFACE MAPS, COLOR MAPS, COMPOSITION 560 00:28:17,560 --> 00:28:18,560 MAPS. 561 00:28:18,560 --> 00:28:20,330 NOT JUST FOR PLUTO BUT ALSO THE SATELLITES. 562 00:28:20,330 --> 00:28:23,920 WE WILL SEARCH FOR NEW SATELLITES AND RINGS, THE 563 00:28:23,920 --> 00:28:28,600 TEMPERATURE AND STRUCTURE OF THE ATMOSPHERE, SEARCH FOR 564 00:28:28,600 --> 00:28:33,580 IONOSPHERE. 565 00:28:33,580 --> 00:28:36,010 IF I COULD HAVE THE NEXT TIME STAMP. 566 00:28:36,010 --> 00:28:38,170 WE ALREADY KNOW A LITTLE BIT ABOUT PLUTO FROM WHAT I'VE TOLD 567 00:28:38,170 --> 00:28:39,250 YOU AND WHAT JIM HAD TO SAY. 568 00:28:39,250 --> 00:28:40,340 IT IS A BINARY. 569 00:28:40,340 --> 00:28:43,560 AND THIS IS OUR FIRST TRIP TO A BINARY PLANET. 570 00:28:43,560 --> 00:28:52,140 WE ARE LOOKING FORWARD TO EXPLORING THAT. 571 00:28:52,140 --> 00:28:54,950 AS I SAID, PLUTO HAS AN ATMOSPHERE, COMPLEX SEASONS AND 572 00:28:54,950 --> 00:28:58,380 MANY ATTRIBUTES, ALL THE ATTRIBUTES OF THE CLOSER 573 00:28:58,380 --> 00:28:59,380 PLANETS. 574 00:28:59,380 --> 00:29:03,140 AND LARGE MOON CHARON COULD QUALIFY ITSELF. 575 00:29:03,140 --> 00:29:05,940 IT'S MADE OF ROCK AND ICE. 576 00:29:05,940 --> 00:29:08,530 WE'RE GOING TO SEARCH TO SEE IF IT HAS ONE. 577 00:29:08,530 --> 00:29:12,110 OR IF IT DRAWS MATERIAL OFF PLUTO'S ATMOSPHERE IN TO ORBIT 578 00:29:12,110 --> 00:29:14,410 AROUND ITSELF. 579 00:29:14,410 --> 00:29:17,030 WE THINK IT IS PRETTY GOOD CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE THAT 580 00:29:17,030 --> 00:29:21,340 CHARON COULD BE ACTIVE, GEOLOGICALLY ACTIVE TODAY FROM 581 00:29:21,340 --> 00:29:25,280 SOME OF THE CHEMICAL CLUES WE HAVE SEEN IN SPECK TRAFFIC MY. 582 00:29:25,280 --> 00:29:32,410 WE WILL LOOK FOR MORE TELL TALES IN TERMS OF ITS CRATERING 583 00:29:32,410 --> 00:29:41,380 RECORD, FOR EXAMPLE, ITS GEOLOGY, TEXT NISM, SLURRIES OR 584 00:29:41,380 --> 00:29:42,540 OTHER THINGS. 585 00:29:42,540 --> 00:29:45,990 SOME GEO PHYSICAL MODELS PREDICT CHARON MAY HAVE AN OCEAN ON ITS 586 00:29:45,990 --> 00:29:46,990 INSIDE. 587 00:29:46,990 --> 00:29:49,850 HOW IS THAT FOR WILD? 588 00:29:49,850 --> 00:29:50,850 NEXT VIEW. 589 00:29:50,850 --> 00:29:53,090 THIS IS ONE OF MY FAVORITE PICTURES. 590 00:29:53,090 --> 00:29:57,270 IT'S THE BEST PICTURE OF PLUTO EVER MADE FROM EARTH. 591 00:29:57,270 --> 00:30:00,070 IT'S MADE BY THE BIGGEST, BADDEST GUN WE HAVE, THE HUBBELL 592 00:30:00,070 --> 00:30:01,610 TELESCOPE. 593 00:30:01,610 --> 00:30:06,100 FROM 3,000 MILES AWAY IT'S NOT MUCH, BECAUSE PLUTO IS SO FAR 594 00:30:06,100 --> 00:30:07,330 AWAY. 595 00:30:07,330 --> 00:30:10,580 LET ME CONTRAST THAT IF I CAN GET THE NEXT TIME STEP HERE. 596 00:30:10,580 --> 00:30:15,530 THIS IS THE NEXT IMAGERY WE WILL HAVE OF PLUTO IN A FEW WEEKS. 597 00:30:15,530 --> 00:30:19,960 THESE ARE IMAGES OF THE EARTH AT RESOLUTIONS COMPARABLE TO WHAT 598 00:30:19,960 --> 00:30:24,100 NEW HORIZONS WILL DELIVER ON PLUTO. 599 00:30:24,100 --> 00:30:26,140 THE EARTH NOT HAVE PIXELATED. 600 00:30:26,140 --> 00:30:28,150 A BEAUTIFUL VIEW OF THE EARTH. 601 00:30:28,150 --> 00:30:31,980 THAT'S ABOUT THE WE WILL HAVE ONE DAY BEFORE WE ARRIVE AT 602 00:30:31,980 --> 00:30:33,400 CLOSEST APPROACH. 603 00:30:33,400 --> 00:30:38,410 OUR IMAGES WILL BE AS GOOD AS THIS IMAGE OF NEW YORK CITY. 604 00:30:38,410 --> 00:30:40,650 I REALIZE ON THE TELEVISION CAMERA YOU MAY NOT BE ABLE TO 605 00:30:40,650 --> 00:30:42,980 SEE EVERYTHING WE CAN SEE IN THE ROOM. 606 00:30:42,980 --> 00:30:46,540 BUT THAT'S MANHATTAN ISLAND IN THE MIDDLE WITH THE HUDSON ON 607 00:30:46,540 --> 00:30:49,090 THE LEFT AND EAST RIVER ON THE RIGHT. 608 00:30:49,090 --> 00:30:52,710 YOU CAN SEE STARING AT OUR SCREEN, CENTRAL PARK. 609 00:30:52,710 --> 00:31:03,680 IF YOU LOOK CAREFULLY YOU CAN SEE THE PONDS IN CENTRAL PARK. 610 00:31:03,680 --> 00:31:07,390 THAT'S JUST WHAT WE'LL DO IN TERMS OF THE SIMPLE IMAGING. 611 00:31:07,390 --> 00:31:12,710 WHEN WE ADD THE THERMAL MASS, LETTING US RECONSTRUCT THE 612 00:31:12,710 --> 00:31:17,460 TOPOGRAPHY, ALL THE STUDIES OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND ALL THE OTHER 613 00:31:17,460 --> 00:31:21,540 THINGS WE'RE GOING TO DO, WE'LL WRITE THE TEXTBOOK OVERNIGHT AND 614 00:31:21,540 --> 00:31:23,710 WE'LL BRING YOU ALONG FOR THE RIDE. 615 00:31:23,710 --> 00:31:28,960 NOT JUST ON NASA TELEVISION BUT WITH SOCIAL MEDIA, WITH WEB 616 00:31:28,960 --> 00:31:33,510 SITES, WITH INSTANTANEOUS IMAGE RELEASES, NEXT DAY IMAGE 617 00:31:33,510 --> 00:31:35,180 RELEASES. 618 00:31:35,180 --> 00:31:37,720 AND WE'RE GOING TO ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS ALONG THE WAY. 619 00:31:37,720 --> 00:31:42,030 WE'RE BASICALLY DOING ONE OF THE HISTORIC MISSIONS FROM THE '60s 620 00:31:42,030 --> 00:31:48,950 OR '70s WITH 2 CENTURY MEDIA SENSIBILITIES. 621 00:31:48,950 --> 00:31:50,530 WE CAN'T WAIT TO BRING YOU ALONG. 622 00:31:50,530 --> 00:31:52,000 THANK YOU VERY MUCH. 623 00:31:52,000 --> 00:31:54,660 AND I'LL TAKE YOUR QUESTIONS. 624 00:31:54,660 --> 00:31:55,730 >> ALL RIGHT. 625 00:31:55,730 --> 00:32:03,410 FOR THOSE FOLLOWING ONLINE AT HOME, ASK NASA HASHTAG. 626 00:32:03,410 --> 00:32:07,700 JONATHAN ASK, WHAT DOES THE BEHAVIOR OF THE MOON IMPLY FOR 627 00:32:07,700 --> 00:32:10,770 POTENTIALLY HAZARDOUS DEBRIS IN THE PATH OF NEW HORIZONS? 628 00:32:10,770 --> 00:32:13,510 >> THAT'S A GREAT QUESTION. 629 00:32:13,510 --> 00:32:16,680 FOR THOSE OF YOU WHO DON'T KNOW, WE'RE BEING VERY CAREFUL. 630 00:32:16,680 --> 00:32:20,350 WE KNOW PLUTO'S SMALLEST SATELLITES HAVE SO LITTLE 631 00:32:20,350 --> 00:32:23,780 GRAVITY THAT WHEN THEY'RE CRATE ERRED, THE MATERIAL THAT COMES 632 00:32:23,780 --> 00:32:27,820 OUT, GETS INTO ORBIT AROUND PLUTO. 633 00:32:27,820 --> 00:32:30,620 BECAUSE OUR SPACECRAFT IS MOVING SO FAST. 634 00:32:30,620 --> 00:32:36,220 EVEN AN IMPACT BY A RICE PELLET-SIZED PEBBLE OR PIECE OF 635 00:32:36,220 --> 00:32:40,830 DEBRIS FROM THOSE MOONS COULD CAUSE GREAT DAMAGE. 636 00:32:40,830 --> 00:32:43,610 SO WE'RE CONDUCTING A HAZARD WATCH ON THE WAY IN. 637 00:32:43,610 --> 00:32:45,610 WE HAVEN'T FOUND ANYTHING THAT'S CONCERNING YET. 638 00:32:45,610 --> 00:32:49,000 THE BEST MODELS INDICATE WE PROBABLY NEVER WILL. 639 00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:51,390 YOU WE'RE NOT TAKING ANY CHANCES. 640 00:32:51,390 --> 00:32:53,510 SO WE PREPARE BACK-UP PLANS. 641 00:32:53,510 --> 00:32:56,790 AND I THINK WHAT THE QUESTIONER IS ASK ABOUT THE NEW DISCOVERS 642 00:32:56,790 --> 00:33:00,410 JUST ANNOUNCED FROM THE HUBBELL SPACE TELESCOPE, THAT THE MOONS 643 00:33:00,410 --> 00:33:08,410 ARE ORBITING CHAOTICALLY. 644 00:33:08,410 --> 00:33:10,960 IT'S A REALLY GOOD QUESTIONS AND VERY TOPICAL. 645 00:33:10,960 --> 00:33:11,960 >> WONDERFUL. 646 00:33:11,960 --> 00:33:14,280 DO WE HAVE A QUESTION IN THE ROOM? 647 00:33:14,280 --> 00:33:16,680 ALL RIGHT. 648 00:33:16,680 --> 00:33:17,990 WAIT FOR THE MICROPHONE. 649 00:33:17,990 --> 00:33:18,990 >> HI. 650 00:33:18,990 --> 00:33:19,990 YES. 651 00:33:19,990 --> 00:33:24,630 I WAS WONDERING WHAT INSTRUMENTS ON THE SPACECRAFT DO YOU USE TO 652 00:33:24,630 --> 00:33:33,750 TEST THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON PLUTO, AND HOW DO THEY WORK? 653 00:33:33,750 --> 00:33:37,080 >> WE HAVE SPECTROMETERS. 654 00:33:37,080 --> 00:33:47,960 IT BREAKS UP THE LIGHT IN THE ULTRA VIE LOT BAND SO WE CAN SEE 655 00:33:47,960 --> 00:33:53,530 A ATOMS AND MOLECULES GLOWING FROM THEIR INTERACTION WITH 656 00:33:53,530 --> 00:33:54,530 SUNLIGHT. 657 00:33:54,530 --> 00:33:56,840 THAT LETS US FINGERPRINT THE COMPOSITION OF PLUTO'S 658 00:33:56,840 --> 00:33:57,840 ATMOSPHERE. 659 00:33:57,840 --> 00:34:01,230 IT WILL LET US DETERMINE THE DENSITY OF THE ATMOSPHERE AS A 660 00:34:01,230 --> 00:34:03,230 FUNCTION OF ALTITUDE. 661 00:34:03,230 --> 00:34:10,109 WE ALSO HAVE INFRARED SPECTROMETER ON BOARD. 662 00:34:10,109 --> 00:34:13,800 IT BREAKS UP THE LIGHT INTO ITS INDIVIDUAL WAVELENGTHS BUT IT IS 663 00:34:13,800 --> 00:34:18,349 USED FOR STUDYING THE SURFACES OF THE WORLD AND THEIR 664 00:34:18,349 --> 00:34:19,349 COMPETITION. 665 00:34:19,349 --> 00:34:22,730 ULTRA VIOLET IS CALLED ALICE. 666 00:34:22,730 --> 00:34:24,740 ITS HONEYMOONER IS RALPH. 667 00:34:24,740 --> 00:34:32,060 RALPH IS THE INFRARED SPECTROMETER. 668 00:34:32,060 --> 00:34:33,230 THANK YOU. 669 00:34:33,230 --> 00:34:34,260 >> WONDERFUL. 670 00:34:34,260 --> 00:34:36,530 OUR NEXT QUESTION IS GOING TO COME FROM LOWELL. 671 00:34:36,530 --> 00:34:37,570 >> HI. 672 00:34:37,570 --> 00:34:38,610 ENZO. 673 00:34:38,610 --> 00:34:47,990 THE DOCTOR INFORMED ME THERE IS NO M AGNOTOMETER. 674 00:34:47,990 --> 00:34:56,819 WILL BE THERE ENOUGH FOR A FOLLOW-ON MISSION? 675 00:34:56,819 --> 00:34:59,410 >> A LITTLE BIT OF BACKGROUND FOR EVERYBODY ELSE. 676 00:34:59,410 --> 00:35:03,420 THEY ARE THE TWO INSTRUMENTS THAT STUDY CHARGED PARTICLES, 677 00:35:03,420 --> 00:35:04,470 PLASMA. 678 00:35:04,470 --> 00:35:09,250 ACTUALLY, THEY HAVE BEEN USED TO STUDY THE SAME THING ALL THE WAY 679 00:35:09,250 --> 00:35:14,520 ACROSS THE SOLAR SYSTEM AS WE HAVE TRANSECTED ALL THE WAY OUT 680 00:35:14,520 --> 00:35:16,370 TO THE KUIPER BELT. 681 00:35:16,370 --> 00:35:21,080 PEPSI AND SWAP ARE PRIMARILY THERE TO STUDY GASES COMING OFF 682 00:35:21,080 --> 00:35:23,910 PLUTO'S ATMOSPHERE, ESCAPING INTO THE ATMOSPHERE TO DETERMINE 683 00:35:23,910 --> 00:35:25,480 ITS ESCAPE RATE. 684 00:35:25,480 --> 00:35:29,030 IN ADDITION, SOME OF THE SIGNATURES THEY COULD DETECT 685 00:35:29,030 --> 00:35:33,130 COULD REVEAL WHETHER PLUTO HAS A STRONG MAGNETIC FIELD OR NOT. 686 00:35:33,130 --> 00:35:38,430 ACCORDING TO STANDARD THEORY, SMALL WORLDS, SMALL PLANETS, AND 687 00:35:38,430 --> 00:35:41,970 ASTEROIDS DON'T TYPICALLY HAVE STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS. 688 00:35:41,970 --> 00:35:46,750 WE HAD TO MAKE MANY CHOICES IN ORDER TO GET A MISSION TO PLUTO 689 00:35:46,750 --> 00:35:53,100 TO NOT CARRY EVERYTHING THAT YOU COULD POSSIBLY THINK OF. 690 00:35:53,100 --> 00:35:59,170 MAGNOTOMETER, WE LEFT THAT OFF THE PAY LOAD. 691 00:35:59,170 --> 00:36:03,550 IF PLUTO HAS A STRONG MAGNETIC SIGNATURE, THAT WILL NOT ONLY 692 00:36:03,550 --> 00:36:08,390 SURPRISE THE GEO PHYSICISTS, IT WILL MAKE ITSELF KNOWN IN THE 693 00:36:08,390 --> 00:36:10,160 DATA FROM PEPSI AND SWAP. 694 00:36:10,160 --> 00:36:13,590 OUR TEAM IS CALLED PARTICLES IN PLASMA, PART OF THE SCIENCE 695 00:36:13,590 --> 00:36:17,830 TEAM, IS VERY ANXIOUS TO SEE THE DATA FROM THE CLOSEST APPROACH 696 00:36:17,830 --> 00:36:20,250 TO SEE WHETHER THEY ARE SURPRISED BY THAT. 697 00:36:20,250 --> 00:36:21,250 >> ALL RIGHT. 698 00:36:21,250 --> 00:36:23,109 NEXT QUESTION COMES FROM HERE IN THE ROOM. 699 00:36:23,109 --> 00:36:24,109 >> HI. 700 00:36:24,109 --> 00:36:26,780 THANK YOU FOR TAKING THESE QUESTIONS. 701 00:36:26,780 --> 00:36:31,880 SO WE LEARNED TODAY THAT THE DATA FROM EARTH TO NEW HORIZONS 702 00:36:31,880 --> 00:36:34,280 WILL TAKE ABOUT FOUR AND A HALF HOURS. 703 00:36:34,280 --> 00:36:36,330 AND THEN IT WILL BE ANOTHER FOUR AND A HALF HOURS BEFORE IT COMES 704 00:36:36,330 --> 00:36:37,330 BACK. 705 00:36:37,330 --> 00:36:40,920 I WANT TO KNOW IF YOU HAD ANY PLAN FOR THAT NINE-HOUR WINDOW? 706 00:36:40,920 --> 00:36:43,830 MAYBE SOME GOLF OR MAYBE A NICE SHOW OR A BOOK? 707 00:36:43,830 --> 00:36:45,540 IT'S GOING TO BE A WHILE. 708 00:36:45,540 --> 00:36:46,540 >> YEAH. 709 00:36:46,540 --> 00:36:50,080 LET ME TELL YOU ABOUT CLOSEST APPROACH. 710 00:36:50,080 --> 00:36:53,050 WE DESIGNED NEW HORIZONS TO BE EXTREMELY EFFECTIVE WHEN IT'S 711 00:36:53,050 --> 00:36:54,170 THERE. 712 00:36:54,170 --> 00:36:56,560 WE HAVE VERY FAST SPEEDS ON THE SPACECRAFT. 713 00:36:56,560 --> 00:36:59,550 WE CAN TAKE DATA FROM UP TO FIVE INSTRUMENTS AT ONCE. 714 00:36:59,550 --> 00:37:04,800 WE HAVE SOLID STRAIGHT MEMORY BY SPACECRAFT MEMORIES. 715 00:37:04,800 --> 00:37:08,510 WE TAKE 100 TIMES AS MUCH DATA ON CLOSE APPROACH AS WE CAN SEND 716 00:37:08,510 --> 00:37:10,040 BACK IN A SINGLE DAY. 717 00:37:10,040 --> 00:37:13,270 SO NEW HORIZONS WILL BE THE GIFT THAT KEEPS ON GIVING LONG AFTER 718 00:37:13,270 --> 00:37:16,991 WE PASS THE PLUTO SYSTEM, NO IMAGES WILL BE COMING TO THE TO 719 00:37:16,991 --> 00:37:19,680 THE GROUND FOR THE SCIENCE TEAM AND FOR ALL OF YOU, FOR 720 00:37:19,680 --> 00:37:20,680 EVERYONE. 721 00:37:20,680 --> 00:37:25,740 NOW, AS WE MAKE OUR JOURNEY THROUGH CLOSEST APPROACH, WE 722 00:37:25,740 --> 00:37:30,060 HAVE A CHOICE WE MADE A LONG TIME AGO, WHICH IS WE CAN EITHER 723 00:37:30,060 --> 00:37:33,340 TAKE AS MUCH DATA AS POSSIBLE OR WE CAN TALK TO THE EARTH. 724 00:37:33,340 --> 00:37:35,400 WE TOLD TO TAKE AS MUCH DATA AS POSSIBLE. 725 00:37:35,400 --> 00:37:38,920 ON CLOSEST APPROACH DAY, THE SPACECRAFT ACTUALLY WON'T BE 726 00:37:38,920 --> 00:37:42,010 COMMUNICATING WITH EARTH UNTIL LATE IN THE EVENING. 727 00:37:42,010 --> 00:37:48,490 THE LAST IMAGE WILL COME DOWN LATE ON THE 13th OF JULY. 728 00:37:48,490 --> 00:37:50,680 AND ALL THROUGHOUT THE 14th THERE WILL BE NO IMAGES. 729 00:37:50,680 --> 00:37:55,470 THE BIG DOWNLOAD IS WEDNESDAY, THE 15th. 730 00:37:55,470 --> 00:37:58,530 THAT DATA DOES TAKE FOUR AND A HALF HOURS FROM THE SPACECRAFT 731 00:37:58,530 --> 00:37:59,620 TOP REACH EARTH. 732 00:37:59,620 --> 00:38:07,350 AFTER ONE IMAGES COMES DOWN, THE NEXT ONE, SPECTROSCOPY, PEPSI 733 00:38:07,350 --> 00:38:09,040 AND SWAP. 734 00:38:09,040 --> 00:38:15,650 WE WILL GIVE THE MISSIONS TEAM A WELL-DESERVED REST. 735 00:38:15,650 --> 00:38:19,920 THEN WE WILL COME PACK AND START A MORE THAN YEAR-LONG DOWN LINK 736 00:38:19,920 --> 00:38:24,000 TO LINK THE MEMORIES BACK TO EARTH AND FILL UP THE DATA BANKS 737 00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:25,000 HERE. 738 00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:26,740 >> ALL RIGHT. 739 00:38:26,740 --> 00:38:27,740 WONDERFUL. 740 00:38:27,740 --> 00:38:30,060 OUR NEXT QUESTION COMES FROM LOWELL. 741 00:38:30,060 --> 00:38:31,330 >> HI. 742 00:38:31,330 --> 00:38:36,640 THANK YOU FOR TAKING THE QUESTION. 743 00:38:36,640 --> 00:38:38,440 THIS IS MICHAEL KAISER FROM NASA SOCIAL AT LOWELL. 744 00:38:38,440 --> 00:38:44,630 MY QUESTION IS A FOLLOW-UP TO THE SPECTROMETER. 745 00:38:44,630 --> 00:38:48,160 WILL WE BE ABLE TO DETERMINE THE FULL CHEMICALS MAKEUPS AND A 746 00:38:48,160 --> 00:38:49,250 PROPORTION OF THOSE MOLECULES? 747 00:38:49,250 --> 00:38:52,119 I'M JUST WONDERING ABOUT THE RESOLUTION OF THE SPECTROMETERS. 748 00:38:52,119 --> 00:38:56,630 >> THE RESOLUTION OVER THE ENTIRE BAND PASS FROM 1.25 TO 749 00:38:56,630 --> 00:39:00,560 2.5 MICRONS IS ABOUT 250. 750 00:39:00,560 --> 00:39:02,850 WE HAVE A HIGH RESOLUTION SEGMENT WITH ABOUT TWICE THAT 751 00:39:02,850 --> 00:39:04,580 RESOLUTION. 752 00:39:04,580 --> 00:39:08,000 SPECTRO RESOLUTION OF ABOUT 500. 753 00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:16,150 IT INCLUDES THE DENSITY OF EACH SPECIES THAT WE CAN DETECT. 754 00:39:16,150 --> 00:39:20,460 THERE ARE QUITE A WIDE RANGE OF HYDROCARBONS AND 755 00:39:20,460 --> 00:39:24,290 NITROGEN-BEARING THAT WE CAN DETECT. 756 00:39:24,290 --> 00:39:29,780 WE WILL BE ON THE LOOKOUT FOR THOSE. 757 00:39:29,780 --> 00:39:33,370 WE CAN DETECT INDIVIDUAL ATOMIC SPECIES HIGH ON THE ATMOSPHERE, 758 00:39:33,370 --> 00:39:38,230 LIKE HYDROGEN, WHICH WE THINK IS PREVALENT ON TOP OF THE PLUTO 759 00:39:38,230 --> 00:39:43,510 ATMOSPHERE AND HAZES AND CLOUDS, BOTH IN CAMERAS AND 760 00:39:43,510 --> 00:39:44,510 SPECTROMETERS. 761 00:39:44,510 --> 00:39:46,870 IT IS A PRETTY COMPREHENSIVE INVESTIGATION INTO THE 762 00:39:46,870 --> 00:39:48,320 ATMOSPHERE. 763 00:39:48,320 --> 00:39:52,470 >> AGAIN, WE'RE TAKING QUESTIONS ON LINE #ASKNASA. 764 00:39:52,470 --> 00:39:59,000 THIS IS PROFESSOR ABLE MENDEZ ASKS, WHAT'S THE ESTIMATE OF THE 765 00:39:59,000 --> 00:40:04,490 TOTAL ATMOSPHERE ON PLUTO? 766 00:40:04,490 --> 00:40:09,320 >> IT IS DETERMINED FROM EARTH-BASED STUDIES THAT OBSERVE 767 00:40:09,320 --> 00:40:11,930 THE VERY OCCASIONAL DISAPPEARANCE OF THE STAR BEHIND 768 00:40:11,930 --> 00:40:13,860 PLUTO AND ITS REAPPEARANCE. 769 00:40:13,860 --> 00:40:18,480 BY GRAPHING THE RATE AT WHICH IT DECLINES DUE TO ATMOSPHERIC 770 00:40:18,480 --> 00:40:24,700 REFRACTION, WE CAN DETERMINE THE SCALE HEIGHT AND THE PRESSURE IN 771 00:40:24,700 --> 00:40:25,700 THE ATMOSPHERE. 772 00:40:25,700 --> 00:40:28,840 THE THING THAT WE DON'T KNOW IS WHETHER WE SINK TO THE BOTTOM 773 00:40:28,840 --> 00:40:30,030 LEVEL OF THE ATMOSPHERE. 774 00:40:30,030 --> 00:40:34,840 SO WE HAVE A LOWER LIMIT OF ABOUT 10 MICROPARSE. 775 00:40:34,840 --> 00:40:37,690 BUT THE AT MOOSE SEVERE MAY BE DEEPER THAN WE CAN PROBE FROM 776 00:40:37,690 --> 00:40:40,320 EARTH-BASED. 777 00:40:40,320 --> 00:40:43,410 NEW HORIZONS WILL DETERMINE THAT. 778 00:40:43,410 --> 00:40:48,330 THE PRESSURE COULD BE AS MUCH AS 5 OR 10 TIMES HIGHER, 50 OR 100 779 00:40:48,330 --> 00:40:49,330 MICROBARS. 780 00:40:49,330 --> 00:40:50,660 THAT'S THE RANGE OF OUR UNCERTAINTY. 781 00:40:50,660 --> 00:40:53,550 THERE WILL BE NO UNCERTAINTY AFTER JULY. 782 00:40:53,550 --> 00:40:55,309 WE WILL TELL YOU THE ANSWER. 783 00:40:55,309 --> 00:40:57,140 >> ALL RIGHT. 784 00:40:57,140 --> 00:40:59,000 ANOTHER QUESTION IN THE ROOM. 785 00:40:59,000 --> 00:41:01,520 >> HI, DOCTOR. 786 00:41:01,520 --> 00:41:05,770 EMILY, HISTORY TEACHER AT MORRIS TECH IN NEW JERSEY. 787 00:41:05,770 --> 00:41:09,040 FIRST OF ALL, I WANT TO SAY I APPRECIATE THE BASTILLE DAY. 788 00:41:09,040 --> 00:41:13,730 IN A WAY THIS IS REVOLUTIONARY. 789 00:41:13,730 --> 00:41:17,710 THE DIRECTOR SAID THAT THE MISSIONS IN OUTER SPACE HELP US 790 00:41:17,710 --> 00:41:19,820 LEARN MORE ABOUT EARTH. 791 00:41:19,820 --> 00:41:23,110 SO IS THIS MORE THAN WE LEARN ABOUT WHAT HUMAN PROGRESS AND 792 00:41:23,110 --> 00:41:27,340 POTENTIAL CAN DO, OR CAN WE LEARN MORE ABOUT EARTH OR IS IT 793 00:41:27,340 --> 00:41:31,240 THE LATER MISSIONS WE WILL GET AFTER THIS FIRST ONE OCCURS, IF 794 00:41:31,240 --> 00:41:32,540 THAT MAKES SENSE. 795 00:41:32,540 --> 00:41:33,680 >> I'M REALLY GLAD YOU ASKED THAT QUESTION. 796 00:41:33,680 --> 00:41:35,450 IT'S AN EXCELLENT QUESTION. 797 00:41:35,450 --> 00:41:39,640 WE CAN LEARN ABOUT THE ORIGIN OF THE EARTH IN THREE DIFFERENT 798 00:41:39,640 --> 00:41:41,000 WAYS. 799 00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:45,390 THE FIRST IS BY STUDYING THE PLUTO SYSTEM ITSELF BY STUDYING 800 00:41:45,390 --> 00:41:46,390 SMALL PLANETS. 801 00:41:46,390 --> 00:41:49,840 WE CAN LEARN ABOUT HOW THE BUILDING BLOCKS THAT WERE THE 802 00:41:49,840 --> 00:41:55,369 LUMPY POTATOES AND PLANETECIMALS BUILT SMALL PLANETS OUT OF WHICH 803 00:41:55,369 --> 00:41:57,100 BIGGER PLANETS CAME TO EXIST. 804 00:41:57,100 --> 00:42:01,850 AND WE NEVER STUDIED ANY PLANET LIKE PLUTO BEFORE. 805 00:42:01,850 --> 00:42:02,850 THAT'S THE FIRST WAY. 806 00:42:02,850 --> 00:42:06,470 THE SECOND IS THAT THE ORIGIN OF PLUTO'S SATELLITE SYSTEM IS 807 00:42:06,470 --> 00:42:10,060 STRONGLY BELIEVED TO BE THE SAME ORIGIN MECHANISM, A GIANT 808 00:42:10,060 --> 00:42:16,200 COLLISION THAT SPAWNED MATERIAL OFF OF PLUTO WHERE IT FORMED THE 809 00:42:16,200 --> 00:42:17,590 EARTH-MOON SYSTEM. 810 00:42:17,590 --> 00:42:23,360 IT IS THE ONLY KNOWN EXAMPLE IN OUR SOLAR SYSTEM OF A FORMATION 811 00:42:23,360 --> 00:42:26,710 MECHANISM FOR ITS SATELLITE LIKE EARTH-MOON. 812 00:42:26,710 --> 00:42:29,500 SO IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO PLANETARY SCIENCES TO HAVE THAT 813 00:42:29,500 --> 00:42:30,640 SECOND EXAMPLE. 814 00:42:30,640 --> 00:42:33,820 AND WE HAVE KNOWN THAT WAS PART OF THE MOTIVATION FOR GOING TO 815 00:42:33,820 --> 00:42:36,730 THE PLUTO SYSTEM, WAS TO STUDY THE ORIGIN OF ITS BIG MOON 816 00:42:36,730 --> 00:42:37,730 CHARON. 817 00:42:37,730 --> 00:42:40,170 THERE IS ALSO A THIRD WAY. 818 00:42:40,170 --> 00:42:42,710 THE ATMOSPHERE IS RAPIDLY ESCAPING. 819 00:42:42,710 --> 00:42:44,300 IN PART BECAUSE PLUTO IS A SMALL PLANET. 820 00:42:44,300 --> 00:42:48,290 AND IN PART BECAUSE THERE IS A HEATING MECHANISM THAT ADDS 821 00:42:48,290 --> 00:42:49,610 ENERGY TO THE MOLECULES. 822 00:42:49,610 --> 00:42:54,730 AND THE ESCAPE RATE OF PLUTO'S ATMOSPHERE, ESCAPE MECHANISM, IS 823 00:42:54,730 --> 00:42:57,580 HYDRODYNAMIC ESCAPE, WHICH IS A FANCY TERM. 824 00:42:57,580 --> 00:43:00,110 BUT ALL IT REALLY MEANS IS THAT THE ESCAPE RATE IS MUCH HIGHER 825 00:43:00,110 --> 00:43:01,110 THAN NORMAL. 826 00:43:01,110 --> 00:43:03,730 IT IS DUE TO THAT HIGH TEMPERATURE. 827 00:43:03,730 --> 00:43:07,200 AND THE SAME THING TOOK PLACE ON THE EARTH RIGHT AFTER THE EARTH 828 00:43:07,200 --> 00:43:09,140 FORMED, WHICH IT WAS STILL MOLTEN. 829 00:43:09,140 --> 00:43:11,370 ITS WAS HYDRODYNAMICALLY ESCAPING. 830 00:43:11,370 --> 00:43:14,680 ORIGINALLY, THE EARTH WAS MADE OF HYDROGEN AND HELIUM. 831 00:43:14,680 --> 00:43:15,880 THAT'S ALL GONE NOW. 832 00:43:15,880 --> 00:43:19,480 THAT IS THE PROCESS THROUGH WHICH IT LEFT, HYDRODYNAMIC 833 00:43:19,480 --> 00:43:20,480 ESCAPE. 834 00:43:20,480 --> 00:43:25,450 IT HAS BEEN DISCOVERED BY THEORISTS ON BLACKBOARDS AND 835 00:43:25,450 --> 00:43:27,960 MODELED IN COMPUTERED, BUT IT HAS NEVER BEEN OBSERVED ON A 836 00:43:27,960 --> 00:43:29,070 PLANETARY SCALE. 837 00:43:29,070 --> 00:43:35,180 PLUTO IS THE FIRST PLACE WE CAN GO TO STUDY A PROCESS TO RESHAPE 838 00:43:35,180 --> 00:43:39,369 THE EARTH'S ATMOSPHERE FROM A POISONOUS ENVELOPE TO THE 839 00:43:39,369 --> 00:43:41,550 ATMOSPHERE WE ENJOY TODAY. 840 00:43:41,550 --> 00:43:43,160 SO THAT'S ANOTHER CONNECTION. 841 00:43:43,160 --> 00:43:45,020 >> THANK YOU. 842 00:43:45,020 --> 00:43:46,430 >> OUR NEXT QUESTION FROM LOWELL OBSERVATORY. 843 00:43:46,430 --> 00:43:47,430 >> HI. 844 00:43:47,430 --> 00:43:48,430 HI MY NAME IS CASEY. 845 00:43:48,430 --> 00:43:51,420 WHEN MIGHT WE SEE AN ORBITAL MISSION OR A ROVER MISSION OR 846 00:43:51,420 --> 00:43:59,320 SOME SORT OF LANDING AND WHAT WE COULD LEARN MORE FROM THAT AS 847 00:43:59,320 --> 00:44:01,510 OPPOSED TO JUST A FLY-BY MISSION? 848 00:44:01,510 --> 00:44:04,850 >> IT'S HARD TO PREDICT SOMETHING LIKE THAT. 849 00:44:04,850 --> 00:44:09,610 PLUTO, IF IT IS AS INTERESTING AS WE EXPECT IT TO BE, I THINK 850 00:44:09,610 --> 00:44:12,600 THE SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY WILL WANT TO GO BACK AND MAKE MORE 851 00:44:12,600 --> 00:44:13,930 STUDIES. 852 00:44:13,930 --> 00:44:18,880 ORBITER OR LANDER IS A BEAUTIFUL MISSION TO FLY NEXT. 853 00:44:18,880 --> 00:44:23,021 OF COURSE TO MAKE THE CASE FOR THAT AND BUILD THE MISSION AND 854 00:44:23,021 --> 00:44:25,780 TO FLY IT OUT IS PROBABLY A COUPLE OF DECK 80s. 855 00:44:25,780 --> 00:44:33,680 MAYBE THAT'S FOR THE 2030AFTER WE FLY TO EUROPA AND LEARN ABOUT 856 00:44:33,680 --> 00:44:35,900 THAT AND THE NEXT MARS ROVERS. 857 00:44:35,900 --> 00:44:39,220 IT DEPENDS ON THE RESULTS AND HOW EXCITING THEY ARE FROM NEW 858 00:44:39,220 --> 00:44:40,240 HORIZONS. 859 00:44:40,240 --> 00:44:42,690 THAT'S THE KIND OF THING I WOULD LIKE TO TALK ABOUT A LITTLE BIT 860 00:44:42,690 --> 00:44:43,940 LATER DOWN THE ROAD. 861 00:44:43,940 --> 00:44:48,680 BECAUSE WE'RE FOCUSED ON THE FIRST RECONNAISSANCE FOR NOW. 862 00:44:48,680 --> 00:44:53,100 >> THE QUESTION CAME IN ON ASK NASA HERE ASKING FROM TWITTER 863 00:44:53,100 --> 00:44:57,670 USEERS WHO ASKED WHAT WILL BE THE NEXT OBJECT NEW HORIZONS 864 00:44:57,670 --> 00:45:01,640 WILL BE VISITING AFTER PLUTO? 865 00:45:01,640 --> 00:45:07,180 >> WELL, AFTER PLUTO, AS CALLED FOR BY THE DECAYEDAL SURVEY, WE 866 00:45:07,180 --> 00:45:10,780 HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY TO GO FARTHER IN AND STUDY THE 867 00:45:10,780 --> 00:45:16,550 BUILDING BLOCKS THAT DWARF PLANETS LIKE SECOND THAT, 868 00:45:16,550 --> 00:45:22,670 MACKEY, WE HAVE IDENTIFIED TWO POTENTIAL TARGETS WITHIN OUR 869 00:45:22,670 --> 00:45:25,410 FUEL SUPPLY WITHIN OUR REACH. 870 00:45:25,410 --> 00:45:29,440 BOTH FLY-BYES WOULD OCCUR IN 2019. 871 00:45:29,440 --> 00:45:31,430 WE CAN GO TO ONE OR THE OTHER BUT THEY ARE IN DIFFERENT 872 00:45:31,430 --> 00:45:32,430 DIRECTIONS. 873 00:45:32,430 --> 00:45:34,060 SO WE HAVE TO CHOOSE BETWEEN THEM. 874 00:45:34,060 --> 00:45:37,220 AND WE WILL BE DOING THAT IN AUGUST. 875 00:45:37,220 --> 00:45:40,869 FOR THAT MISSION TO CULMINATE, TO ACTUALLY TAKE PLACE, WE HAVE 876 00:45:40,869 --> 00:45:44,340 TO WRITE A PROPOSAL, AS ALL EXTENDED MISSIONS TO NASA. 877 00:45:44,340 --> 00:45:46,660 THAT WILL BE PEER REVIEWED. 878 00:45:46,660 --> 00:45:51,570 IF IT'S WELL REVIEWEDS NASA HEADQUARTERS WILL FUND THAT 879 00:45:51,570 --> 00:45:56,250 MISSION OUT TO 2019 OR 2020 TO CAPTURE THE DATA AND GET IT ALL 880 00:45:56,250 --> 00:45:57,510 BACK TO THE EARTH. 881 00:45:57,510 --> 00:46:00,060 WE'RE LOOKING FORWARD TO WRITING THAT PROPOSAL VERY MUCH. 882 00:46:00,060 --> 00:46:02,860 WE THINK IT IS EXCITING. 883 00:46:02,860 --> 00:46:07,150 TO GO ANOTHER BILLION MILES AND EXPLORE THE PRISTINE OBJECTS OUT 884 00:46:07,150 --> 00:46:12,280 OF WHICH SMALL PLANETS WERE MADE IS AN UNPRECEDENTED OPPORTUNITY 885 00:46:12,280 --> 00:46:16,390 THAT NO OTHER MISSION THAT'S ON THE DRAWING BOARDS OR IN FLIGHT 886 00:46:16,390 --> 00:46:17,670 CAN ACCOMPLISH. 887 00:46:17,670 --> 00:46:22,020 THAT'S SOMETHING NEW HORIZONS CAN UNIQUELY CONTRIBUTE. 888 00:46:22,020 --> 00:46:25,070 AND SO WE'RE VERY MUCH LOOKING FORWARD TO THE OPPORTUNITY TO 889 00:46:25,070 --> 00:46:26,190 PROPOSE THAT. 890 00:46:26,190 --> 00:46:27,730 >> ALL RIGHT. 891 00:46:27,730 --> 00:46:30,010 ANOTHER QUESTION HERE IN THE ROOM. 892 00:46:30,010 --> 00:46:32,880 >> HI, DOCTOR. 893 00:46:32,880 --> 00:46:36,220 SO THOSE TWO OBJECTS, WHAT WILL BE YOUR CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING 894 00:46:36,220 --> 00:46:38,890 WHICH YOU DO CHOOSE TO TARGET? 895 00:46:38,890 --> 00:46:39,900 >> ANOTHER GOOD QUESTION. 896 00:46:39,900 --> 00:46:42,530 THERE IS A WHOLE CRITERIA WE'RE LOOKING AT. 897 00:46:42,530 --> 00:46:47,930 THEY HAVE TO DO WITH HOW MUCH FUEL WE HAVE AND HOW EXCITING 898 00:46:47,930 --> 00:46:49,430 THE SCIENCE IS. 899 00:46:49,430 --> 00:46:50,920 ONE TAKES MORE FUEL TO REACH. 900 00:46:50,920 --> 00:46:55,040 IT TAKES ALMOST ALL OUR FUEL SUPPLY JUST TO GET POINTED IN 901 00:46:55,040 --> 00:46:56,990 ITS DIRECTION TO INTERCEPT IT. 902 00:46:56,990 --> 00:47:00,869 THE OTHER TAKES ABOUT HALF OUR FUEL SUPPLY, LEAVING A LOT MORE 903 00:47:00,869 --> 00:47:03,920 FOR THE ACTUAL SCIENTIFIC OBSERVATIONS WHEN WE'RE THERE. 904 00:47:03,920 --> 00:47:07,161 WE'RE LOOKING AT OUR ABILITY TO COMMUNICATE, HOW MUCH POWER WE 905 00:47:07,161 --> 00:47:09,150 WILL HAVE YEARS LATER. 906 00:47:09,150 --> 00:47:14,260 YOU HEARD ABOUT THE HALF LIFE RADIOACTIVE DECAY THAT LOWERS 907 00:47:14,260 --> 00:47:21,050 EVERY YEAR, THE LIGHTING LEVELS, THE ESTIMATED SIZES OF THE 908 00:47:21,050 --> 00:47:22,840 OBJECTS. 909 00:47:22,840 --> 00:47:24,710 AND ALSO THEIR PROMINENCE OR THEIR ORIGIN. 910 00:47:24,710 --> 00:47:30,080 IT TURNS OUT BOTH OBJECTS COME FROM AN ANCIENT COLD CLASSICAL 911 00:47:30,080 --> 00:47:34,310 OBJECT OF THE KUIPER BELT THAT WERE ACTUALLY FORMED IN THE VERY 912 00:47:34,310 --> 00:47:35,660 REGION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 913 00:47:35,660 --> 00:47:39,490 NOT TRANSPORTED OUT TO THE KUIPER BELT BUT FORMED THERE. 914 00:47:39,490 --> 00:47:42,730 SO THEY ACTUALLY TELL US ABOUT THE CONDITIONS THERE IN THE 915 00:47:42,730 --> 00:47:43,730 BEGINNING. 916 00:47:43,730 --> 00:47:46,180 SO ALL THOSE FACTORS GO INTO THE MIX. 917 00:47:46,180 --> 00:47:49,300 AND THE TEAM WILL MAKE A RECOMMENDATION TO NASA LATER 918 00:47:49,300 --> 00:47:50,380 THIS SUMMER. 919 00:47:50,380 --> 00:47:54,150 AND THEN IN THE FALL WE NEED TO FIRE THE ENGINES. 920 00:47:54,150 --> 00:47:57,310 BECAUSE THE LONGER WE WAIT, THE MORE AND MORE FUEL IT TAKES. 921 00:47:57,310 --> 00:48:01,400 EVEN IF YOU WAIT UNTIL LATE 2016, JUST A YEAR LATER, BOTH 922 00:48:01,400 --> 00:48:05,390 MISSIONS WOULD TAKE MORE FUEL THAN WE HAVE ON BOARD. 923 00:48:05,390 --> 00:48:06,510 THANK YOU. 924 00:48:06,510 --> 00:48:07,510 >> DR. 925 00:48:07,510 --> 00:48:08,510 QUESTION FROM DR. 926 00:48:08,510 --> 00:48:10,489 STERN COMES FROM LOWELL OBSERVATORY. 927 00:48:10,489 --> 00:48:16,170 >> LOWELL HAS NO MORE QUESTIONS. 928 00:48:16,170 --> 00:48:17,170 THANK YOU. 929 00:48:17,170 --> 00:48:18,290 >> THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR JOINING US TODAY AND ANSWERING 930 00:48:18,290 --> 00:48:19,290 QUESTIONS. 931 00:48:19,290 --> 00:48:20,290 >> THANK YOU. 932 00:48:20,290 --> 00:48:21,290 >> DEFINITELY. 933 00:48:21,290 --> 00:48:22,290 [ APPLAUSE ]. >> SO YOU HEARD A LITTLE BIT 934 00:48:22,290 --> 00:48:28,400 ABOUT THE SCIENCE OF WHAT NEW HORIZONS IS GOING TO ACCOMPLISH. 935 00:48:28,400 --> 00:48:30,510 BUT THAT WOULDN'T HAPPEN WITHOUT THE HARDWARE. 936 00:48:30,510 --> 00:48:36,200 WE WILL TALK ABOUT THE ACTUAL SPACECRAFT ITSELF AND WHAT'S ON 937 00:48:36,200 --> 00:48:37,640 BOARD AND EVERYTHING. 938 00:48:37,640 --> 00:48:41,560 UP NEXT TO JOIN US HERE IS CHRIS HERSMAN, A MISSIONS SYSTEMS 939 00:48:41,560 --> 00:48:43,650 ENGINEER HERE AT THE OBSERVATORY. 940 00:48:43,650 --> 00:48:47,119 >> THANK YOU, JASON. 941 00:48:47,119 --> 00:48:48,279 >> DEFINITELY. 942 00:48:48,279 --> 00:48:52,210 >> THIS IS MY FAVORITE PART OF THE MISSION. 943 00:48:52,210 --> 00:48:56,410 UNFORTUNATELY, IT'S OUR JOB TO CARRY THOSE INSTRUMENTS TO PLUTO 944 00:48:56,410 --> 00:48:58,560 AND TAKE ALL THOSE OBSERVATIONS. 945 00:48:58,560 --> 00:49:00,030 SO I WAS INVOLVED IN THE DEVELOPMENT. 946 00:49:00,030 --> 00:49:02,190 I WAS THE SPACECRAFT SYSTEMS ENGINEER WHEN WE WERE BUILDING 947 00:49:02,190 --> 00:49:06,910 IT AND PROMOTED TO THE MISSION SYSTEMS ENGINEER AFTER LAUNCH. 948 00:49:06,910 --> 00:49:09,170 AND I'M GOING TO GO OVER AND GIVE YOU A LITTLE TOUR AROUND 949 00:49:09,170 --> 00:49:10,170 THE SPACECRAFT. 950 00:49:10,170 --> 00:49:12,500 YOU HAVE HEARD A LOT ABOUT THE INSTRUMENTS ALREADY. 951 00:49:12,500 --> 00:49:14,300 JUST TO GIVE YOU A LITTLE PERSPECTIVE ON THE SIZE. 952 00:49:14,300 --> 00:49:15,520 I ALWAYS USE MY ARMS. 953 00:49:15,520 --> 00:49:20,700 I STRETCH MY ARMS AND SAY THE ANTENNA IS JUST A LITTLE BIT 954 00:49:20,700 --> 00:49:22,370 LONGER THAN YOU CAN REACH. 955 00:49:22,370 --> 00:49:26,570 IT IS APPROXIMATELY 80 INCHES. 956 00:49:26,570 --> 00:49:30,500 AND THE WHOLE SPACECRAFT IS LIKE A GRAND PIANO. 957 00:49:30,500 --> 00:49:33,210 ON THIS END OF THE SPACECRAFT, THIS IS ALL HANGING OUT BY 958 00:49:33,210 --> 00:49:35,170 ITSELF OVER HERE. 959 00:49:35,170 --> 00:49:37,250 YOU MIGHT SAY, WELL, WHY IS THAT? 960 00:49:37,250 --> 00:49:40,510 THERE ARE A COUPLE REASONS FOR THAT. 961 00:49:40,510 --> 00:49:42,780 IT PROVIDES BALANCE FOR THE SPINNING MODE. 962 00:49:42,780 --> 00:49:48,130 I BROUGHT A LITTLE PROP HERE TO DESCRIBE THAT. 963 00:49:48,130 --> 00:49:50,420 IT WAS VERY EXPENSIVE TO MAKE. 964 00:49:50,420 --> 00:49:53,640 SO THEY WOULDN'T LET ME THROW THE MODELS AROUND. 965 00:49:53,640 --> 00:49:59,220 BUT BY BALANCING THE RTG, THE POWER SOURCE, OUT ON THE END BY 966 00:49:59,220 --> 00:50:02,460 ITSELF AND ALL THE INSTRUMENTS ON THE OTHER SIDE, YOU GET 967 00:50:02,460 --> 00:50:05,350 SOMETHING THAT WILL SPIN. 968 00:50:05,350 --> 00:50:09,040 AND THEN YOU DON'T HAVE TO USE THRUSTERS TO KEEP THE SPACECRAFT 969 00:50:09,040 --> 00:50:10,040 POINTED AT THE EARTH. 970 00:50:10,040 --> 00:50:14,280 SO IF YOU ALL WERE THE EARTH AND IT'S SPINNING THIS WAY, YOU KEEP 971 00:50:14,280 --> 00:50:17,650 THE HIGH GAIN ANTENNA POINTED AT EARTH WITHOUT BURNING ANY FUEL. 972 00:50:17,650 --> 00:50:23,090 THAT'S THE WAY WE GET OUT TO PLUTO WITHOUT HAVING A LOT OF 973 00:50:23,090 --> 00:50:26,830 EXTRA FUEL ON BOARD TO KEEP THE SPACECRAFT POINTED. 974 00:50:26,830 --> 00:50:30,530 WHEN WE'RE IN A THREE AXIS MODE, WHICH IS WHAT WE'RE DOING AT 975 00:50:30,530 --> 00:50:36,260 PLUTO, THE THRUSTERS SCATTERED AROUND THE SPACECRAFT AND 976 00:50:36,260 --> 00:50:39,670 PRECISELY POSITIONED SO YOU CAN MANEUVER ANY WAY. 977 00:50:39,670 --> 00:50:46,170 IN ORDER TO POINT TO EARTH IN OUR THREE AXIS MODE, YOU HAVE TO 978 00:50:46,170 --> 00:50:49,119 THRUST BACK AND FORTH TO KEEP THE HIGH GAIN ANTENNA FOCUSED ON 979 00:50:49,119 --> 00:50:50,840 EARTH. 980 00:50:50,840 --> 00:50:52,420 IT USES FUEL, THRUSTER CYCLES. 981 00:50:52,420 --> 00:50:56,000 THOSE ARE CONSUMABLE ON THE SPACECRAFT. 982 00:50:56,000 --> 00:50:59,960 SO I'M GOING TO MOVE DOWN TO THE YOU FIRST INSTRUMENT WE WILL 983 00:50:59,960 --> 00:51:01,900 TALK ABOUT, WHICH IS ALICE. 984 00:51:01,900 --> 00:51:09,040 THIS IS THE ULTRA VIOLET ONE. 985 00:51:09,040 --> 00:51:11,510 I WANT TO TALK ABOUT HOW IT'S POSED. 986 00:51:11,510 --> 00:51:14,820 THERE IS AN APERTURE POINTING IN THIS DIRECTION, WHICH GIVES YOU 987 00:51:14,820 --> 00:51:20,850 THE OCCULTATION MEASUREMENT, SIMULTANEOUS WITH THE RADIO 988 00:51:20,850 --> 00:51:22,130 SCIENCE EXPERIMENT. 989 00:51:22,130 --> 00:51:28,480 SO IT IS SPINNING AT EARTH AT THE SAME TIME ALICE IS POINTED 990 00:51:28,480 --> 00:51:29,710 AT THE SUN. 991 00:51:29,710 --> 00:51:35,840 THEY BOTH MEASURE AS THEY TRAVERSE INTO THE ATMOSPHERE AND 992 00:51:35,840 --> 00:51:38,130 MAKE MEASUREMENTS ALONG THE WAY. 993 00:51:38,130 --> 00:51:41,390 AS YOU HEARD EARLIER ABOUT THE AIR GLOW, THIS IS WHERE THE 994 00:51:41,390 --> 00:51:44,630 MEASUREMENTS ARE TAKEN WHERE YOU'RE LOOKING AT PLUTO. 995 00:51:44,630 --> 00:51:46,660 AND IT'S MUCH MORE SENSITIVE. 996 00:51:46,660 --> 00:51:50,930 THE SOLAR OCULTATION LOOK AT THE SUN. 997 00:51:50,930 --> 00:51:54,270 THE AIR FLOW APERTURE LOOKS AT PLUTO. 998 00:51:54,270 --> 00:52:01,140 AND THE RALPH INSTRUMENT, WHICH IS THE INFRARED INVISIBLE CAMERA 999 00:52:01,140 --> 00:52:02,140 ON THE SPACECRAFT. 1000 00:52:02,140 --> 00:52:04,130 YOU'LL NOTICE THE BIG WHITE AREA IS THE RADIATOR. 1001 00:52:04,130 --> 00:52:07,470 THAT IS TO KEEP THE INFRARED PART OF THE INSTRUMENT VERY 1002 00:52:07,470 --> 00:52:08,470 COLD. 1003 00:52:08,470 --> 00:52:10,900 IT IS DOUBLE RADIATOR. 1004 00:52:10,900 --> 00:52:12,960 THE SPACECRAFT IS VERY WARM INSIDE. 1005 00:52:12,960 --> 00:52:17,420 WELL, IT'S ROOM TEMPERATURE, WHICH IN SPACE IS VERY WARM. 1006 00:52:17,420 --> 00:52:20,550 AND THIS INSTRUMENT IS VERY COLD. 1007 00:52:20,550 --> 00:52:23,760 AND SO WHAT THEY DO IS THEY HAVE TWO RADIATORS TO KEEP THIS ONE 1008 00:52:23,760 --> 00:52:27,280 VERY COLD AND THIS ONE KEEPS ISOLATES EVEN FURTHER. 1009 00:52:27,280 --> 00:52:30,670 AND THEN THERE IS A FEED THAT GOES IN THERE AND CONNECTS TO 1010 00:52:30,670 --> 00:52:36,030 THE ELECTRONICS THAT IS THE DETECTOR OF THE INSTRUMENT. 1011 00:52:36,030 --> 00:52:42,451 SO WHEN IT TAKES INFRARED IMAGES IT CAN GET LESS NOISE IN THE 1012 00:52:42,451 --> 00:52:44,820 INSTRUMENT. 1013 00:52:44,820 --> 00:52:47,250 NOW WE WILL MOVE TO THE OTHER SIDE OF THE SPACECRAFT, AND YOU 1014 00:52:47,250 --> 00:52:52,400 WILL SEE THE THERMAL ELECTRIC GENERATOR. 1015 00:52:52,400 --> 00:52:53,400 IT'S BLACK. 1016 00:52:53,400 --> 00:52:56,490 IT'S ALSO VERY HOT INSIDE. 1017 00:52:56,490 --> 00:53:01,859 AND THE HEAT FROM THE INSIDE AND THE COLD OUTSIDE IN SPACE ALLOWS 1018 00:53:01,859 --> 00:53:05,330 US TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY FROM THAT TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL. 1019 00:53:05,330 --> 00:53:09,540 AND IT ONLY GENERATES 200 WATTS WHEN WE'RE AT PLUTO. 1020 00:53:09,540 --> 00:53:11,330 IT GENERATES A LOT MORE HEAT. 1021 00:53:11,330 --> 00:53:15,340 SO WE ACTUALLY SAVED SOME OF THE ELECTRIC POWER BY PUTTING A 1022 00:53:15,340 --> 00:53:18,150 LITTLE HOLE IN THE END OF HERE INSIDE THE SPACECRAFT. 1023 00:53:18,150 --> 00:53:22,740 AND WE RECAPTURE SOME OF THAT HEAT AND PUT IT BACK INTO THE 1024 00:53:22,740 --> 00:53:24,220 SPACECRAFT TO KEEP IT WARM. 1025 00:53:24,220 --> 00:53:31,230 AND THERE WAS A LOT OF CALCULATIONS THAT WENT INTO THE 1026 00:53:31,230 --> 00:53:33,030 DESIGN OF HOW BIG THAT HOLE SHOULD BE. 1027 00:53:33,030 --> 00:53:40,800 AND WE ACTUALLY TESTED IT HERE ON EARTH WHEN WE LAUNCHED IT. 1028 00:53:40,800 --> 00:53:44,200 ONCE WE GET THE HEAT THAT WE REALLY WANT TO KEEP IN THE 1029 00:53:44,200 --> 00:53:46,190 SPACECRAFT, WE WANT TO REJECT ALL THE OTHER HEAT, WHICH IS 1030 00:53:46,190 --> 00:53:48,700 WHAT THIS LITTLE SHIELD IS FOR. 1031 00:53:48,700 --> 00:53:51,780 IT KEEPS ALL THE HEAT AWAY FROM THE OTHER INSTRUMENTS BECAUSE 1032 00:53:51,780 --> 00:53:55,980 THEY WANT TO†-- THEY DON'T WANT TO BE KIND OF ALTERED BY THAT 1033 00:53:55,980 --> 00:53:56,980 HEAT. 1034 00:53:56,980 --> 00:53:59,990 AND THEN YOU'LL NOTICE HERE THAT A PYRAMID SHAPE, WHICH WE WERE 1035 00:53:59,990 --> 00:54:03,280 ABLE TO ADJUST THE DESIGN TO HELP BALANCE THE SPACECRAFT. 1036 00:54:03,280 --> 00:54:05,800 AND IN THE DEVELOPMENT WE ACTUALLY CHANGED THAT A LITTLE 1037 00:54:05,800 --> 00:54:06,800 BIT. 1038 00:54:06,800 --> 00:54:09,740 NOT PHYSICALLY, BUT IN THE DESIGN PHASE, TO HELP BALANCE 1039 00:54:09,740 --> 00:54:13,640 OUT ONCE WE FIGURED OUT WHERE ALL THESE THINGS WOULD BE ON THE 1040 00:54:13,640 --> 00:54:14,640 SPACECRAFT. 1041 00:54:14,640 --> 00:54:16,090 SO NOW WE WILL GO UP TO THE HIGH GAIN ANTENNA. 1042 00:54:16,090 --> 00:54:20,510 WE WILL SEE THERE WERE A LOT†-- THIS IS THE ASSEMBLY OF THE HIGH 1043 00:54:20,510 --> 00:54:21,510 GAIN ANTENNA. 1044 00:54:21,510 --> 00:54:23,230 THERE WERE A LOT OF ANTENNAS ON HERE. 1045 00:54:23,230 --> 00:54:28,350 LOW GAIN ANTENNA WAS USED AT LAUNCH BECAUSE IT CAN SEE ONE 1046 00:54:28,350 --> 00:54:32,180 HEMISPHERE OF THE EARTH OR WHEREVER IT'S POINTED. 1047 00:54:32,180 --> 00:54:34,540 AND THEN THERE'S ANOTHER ONE JUST LIKE IT ON THE BOTTOM SIDE. 1048 00:54:34,540 --> 00:54:37,390 IF THE SPACECRAFT COMES OFF AND IT IS POINT INDEED AN ODD 1049 00:54:37,390 --> 00:54:39,570 DIRECTION WE CAN TALK TO THE SPACECRAFT. 1050 00:54:39,570 --> 00:54:43,119 RIGHT NOW IT IS SO FAR AWAY THEY ARE USELESS. 1051 00:54:43,119 --> 00:54:44,470 WE DON'T USE THESE ANYMORE. 1052 00:54:44,470 --> 00:54:48,320 WE HAVE ONE FOR OUR BEACON MODE. 1053 00:54:48,320 --> 00:54:53,000 WHEN WE'RE SPINNING MODE AND NOT POINTED DIRECTLY AT THE EARTH, 1054 00:54:53,000 --> 00:54:56,710 WE CAN USE THIS TO TELL US THE SPACECRAFT IS FINE. 1055 00:54:56,710 --> 00:55:01,300 WE POINT IT IN A SPECIFIC DIRECTION WHERE THE FUTURE THE 1056 00:55:01,300 --> 00:55:04,540 EARTH WILL BE IN THE CENTER OF THE ANTENNA. 1057 00:55:04,540 --> 00:55:08,349 WE CAN TALK TO IT ONCE A WEEK†-- ACTUALLY, WE CAN LISTEN TO IT 1058 00:55:08,349 --> 00:55:12,820 ONCE A WEEK AND THE SPACECRAFT WILL SAY EVERYTHING'S FINE AND 1059 00:55:12,820 --> 00:55:14,690 I'M DOING WHAT I'M SUPPOSED TO BE DOING. 1060 00:55:14,690 --> 00:55:21,190 AND THEN THE HIGH GAINEN TEN THAT IS REALLY IMPORTANT FOR 1061 00:55:21,190 --> 00:55:25,130 RADIO SCIENCE. 1062 00:55:25,130 --> 00:55:33,460 THEY BOUNCE OFF THIS LARGE DISH AND REFLECT OFF THE BACKSIDE OF 1063 00:55:33,460 --> 00:55:39,000 THIS ANTENNA AND GO INTO THE FEED OF THE ANTENNA. 1064 00:55:39,000 --> 00:55:41,800 AND THAT ALLOWED US THE COMBINATION OF THIS AND THAT 1065 00:55:41,800 --> 00:55:43,550 ALLOWED US TO SHAPE THE PEOPLE. 1066 00:55:43,550 --> 00:55:46,000 SO IT'S NOT JUST A ROUND BEAM. 1067 00:55:46,000 --> 00:55:50,619 IT'S ACTUALLY SHAPED IN A WAY THAT GIVES YOU KIND OF A FLATTOP 1068 00:55:50,619 --> 00:55:52,510 OF THE GAIN OF THE ANTENNA. 1069 00:55:52,510 --> 00:55:57,400 IT GIVES US OUR HIGH GAIN WIDTH. 1070 00:55:57,400 --> 00:56:01,710 IT HELPS SAVE ON THRUSTER USAGE. 1071 00:56:01,710 --> 00:56:05,810 NOW THE NEXT SET OF INSTRUMENTS ON THE OTHER SIDE. 1072 00:56:05,810 --> 00:56:09,220 THIS IS THE SOLAR WIND OF PLUTO SWAP EXPERIMENT. 1073 00:56:09,220 --> 00:56:11,490 YOU CAN SEE THE LAUNCH DOORS ARE DEPLOYED. 1074 00:56:11,490 --> 00:56:16,440 IT HAS A LARGE FAN-LIKE FIELD OF VIEW. 1075 00:56:16,440 --> 00:56:20,240 ALL THE WAY AROUND IT CAN RECEIVE SIGNALS. 1076 00:56:20,240 --> 00:56:24,400 AND THE ADVANTAGE OF THAT IS THAT WHILE THE CAMERAS ARE ALL 1077 00:56:24,400 --> 00:56:27,770 POINTING AROUND AND LOOKING, THIS CAN STILL MAKE ITS 1078 00:56:27,770 --> 00:56:30,950 MEASUREMENTS BECAUSE IT HAS SUCH A WILD FIELD OF VIEW IN THIS 1079 00:56:30,950 --> 00:56:31,950 PLANE. 1080 00:56:31,950 --> 00:56:35,750 THE SAME IF WE GO UP TO THE PEPSI INSTRUMENTS IT HAS A FAN 1081 00:56:35,750 --> 00:56:39,610 BEAM ANTENNA, WHICH YOU CAN SEE UP HERE. 1082 00:56:39,610 --> 00:56:45,290 AND I THINK IT WILL GO SOON. 1083 00:56:45,290 --> 00:56:51,060 YOU CAN SEE THE FAN BEAM OF THE ENERGETIC PARTICLE INSTRUMENT, 1084 00:56:51,060 --> 00:56:53,020 PEPSI. 1085 00:56:53,020 --> 00:56:57,750 AND THEN THERE'S ALSO THIS HERE TO SHIELD THE SOLAR INFLUENCE. 1086 00:56:57,750 --> 00:57:01,401 ACTUALLY, IT WAS THE SHIELD THAT INTERACTS WITH THE HIGH GAIN 1087 00:57:01,401 --> 00:57:03,740 ANTENNA BECAUSE OF WHERE IT'S PLACED. 1088 00:57:03,740 --> 00:57:09,560 AND NOW THE LONG-RANGE IMAGEER, IS THE BIGGEST APERTURE. 1089 00:57:09,560 --> 00:57:13,960 THIS IS ABOUT A METER ACROSS OR ABOUT A YARD. 1090 00:57:13,960 --> 00:57:17,520 THAT IS WHAT WE TAKE APPROACH IMAGES WITH AND FOR NAVIGATION. 1091 00:57:17,520 --> 00:57:22,640 WE WILL TAKE PICTURES OF PLUTO AND THE STARS IN THE BACKGROUND 1092 00:57:22,640 --> 00:57:28,500 AND FIGURE OUT BETTER THAN WE CAN ON THE GROUND. 1093 00:57:28,500 --> 00:57:32,460 THEN WE ACTUALLY ADJUST THE TIME OF THE COMMANDS THAT WILL TAKE 1094 00:57:32,460 --> 00:57:35,110 ALL THE OBSERVATIONS SO THEY ARE SYNCHRONIZED WITH WHERE THE 1095 00:57:35,110 --> 00:57:36,270 SPACECRAFT IS. 1096 00:57:36,270 --> 00:57:40,940 WE'LL ALSO SEND UP AN INTEMPERATE SO EVERYTHING WILL 1097 00:57:40,940 --> 00:57:46,530 BE IN LOCK STEP WITH THE WAY WE PLANNED IT. 1098 00:57:46,530 --> 00:57:48,870 YOU CAN ALSO SEE THE STAR TRACKERS. 1099 00:57:48,870 --> 00:57:53,349 THESE ARE USED FOR ATTITUDE TO DETERMINE WHERE THE ATTITUDE IS. 1100 00:57:53,349 --> 00:57:55,330 AND THERE'S TWO OF THEM FOR REDUNDANCY. 1101 00:57:55,330 --> 00:57:58,270 WE ONLY NEED ONE, BUT WE PUT TWO ON BOARD. 1102 00:57:58,270 --> 00:58:02,670 WE HAVE OUR AUTONOMY SYSTEM, WHICH WILL SWITCH FROM ONE TO 1103 00:58:02,670 --> 00:58:04,970 THE OTHER IF ONE ISN'T WORKING. 1104 00:58:04,970 --> 00:58:10,040 THAT IS AN IMPORTANT PART OF A SPACECRAFT THAT'S GOING TO GO BE 1105 00:58:10,040 --> 00:58:11,510 NINE HOURS AWAY. 1106 00:58:11,510 --> 00:58:13,840 IF WE WANTED TO TELL IT TO DO SOMETHING, WE WOULDN'T KNOW 1107 00:58:13,840 --> 00:58:17,030 WHETHER IT DID IT UNTIL NINE HOURS WHEN WE GET THE MESSAGE 1108 00:58:17,030 --> 00:58:18,030 BACK. 1109 00:58:18,030 --> 00:58:23,520 SO IT HAS TO TAKE CARE OF ITSELF AND WHAT IT IS DOING. 1110 00:58:23,520 --> 00:58:35,400 CHECK ON TELEMETRY AND IT REPORTS BACK. 1111 00:58:35,400 --> 00:58:36,849 NEXT WE WILL GO UP TO THE SUN SENSOR. 1112 00:58:36,849 --> 00:58:41,110 WE HAVE A MODE OF THE SPACECRAFT THAT SAYS I'M†-- I DON'T KNOW 1113 00:58:41,110 --> 00:58:42,110 ANYTHING. 1114 00:58:42,110 --> 00:58:43,790 I'M LOST IN SPACE. 1115 00:58:43,790 --> 00:58:47,280 I'M GOING TO POINT TO THE SUN BECAUSE THE SUN, WHICH YOU'RE SO 1116 00:58:47,280 --> 00:58:49,980 FAR AWAY AT PLUTO, IS VERY CLOSE TO THE EARTH. 1117 00:58:49,980 --> 00:58:52,610 IF WE POINT TO THE SUN, THE EARTH WILL BE ABLE TO TALK TO 1118 00:58:52,610 --> 00:58:53,610 THE SPACECRAFT. 1119 00:58:53,610 --> 00:58:55,820 IT'S NOT ACTUALLY BECAUSE WE NEED POWER FROM THE SUN BUT 1120 00:58:55,820 --> 00:58:59,150 BECAUSE WE WANT TO COMMUNICATE WITH EARTH. 1121 00:58:59,150 --> 00:59:01,980 SO THAT'S PRETTY MUCH THE TOUR. 1122 00:59:01,980 --> 00:59:05,500 AND I THINK†-- YEAH. 1123 00:59:05,500 --> 00:59:06,680 THAT'S IT. 1124 00:59:06,680 --> 00:59:08,540 SO IF YOU HAVE ANY QUESTIONS. 1125 00:59:08,540 --> 00:59:10,690 >> ANY QUESTIONS ABOUT THE SPACECRAFT? 1126 00:59:10,690 --> 00:59:11,890 THE FIRST QUESTION IN THE ROOM. 1127 00:59:11,890 --> 00:59:13,690 GO UP HERE. 1128 00:59:13,690 --> 00:59:16,970 >> COULD YOU TALK A BIT MORE ABOUT THE THRUSTERS AND ABOUT 1129 00:59:16,970 --> 00:59:22,310 THE CHANGING OF MODES FROM SPIN TO THREE AXIS AND SO ON AND SO 1130 00:59:22,310 --> 00:59:23,310 FORTH? 1131 00:59:23,310 --> 00:59:24,310 >> SURE. 1132 00:59:24,310 --> 00:59:25,310 I COULD USE THE MODELS, I GUESS. 1133 00:59:25,310 --> 00:59:26,310 LET ME DO THIS. 1134 00:59:26,310 --> 00:59:30,080 BECAUSE I ALWAYS LIKE TO†-- I THINK THIS WILL COME OFF OF 1135 00:59:30,080 --> 00:59:31,080 HERE. 1136 00:59:31,080 --> 00:59:32,880 ACTUALLY, WE CAN SEE THE BOTTOM TOO. 1137 00:59:32,880 --> 00:59:36,849 BECAUSE THAT'S WHERE THE PROPELLER TANK IS. 1138 00:59:36,849 --> 00:59:45,280 THERE IS SOME DOWN HERE ON THE BOTTOM AND SOME ON THE SIDE. 1139 00:59:45,280 --> 00:59:49,180 WHAT THEY DO IS THEY FIRE IN PAIRS. 1140 00:59:49,180 --> 00:59:53,540 IF WE WANTED TO SPIN THIS WAY, WE WOULD FIRE ONE HERE AND THEN 1141 00:59:53,540 --> 00:59:55,090 ONE OVER HERE. 1142 00:59:55,090 --> 00:59:59,810 AND THEN†-- THEY ARE POINTED IN GENERAL†-- LET'S SEE. 1143 00:59:59,810 --> 01:00:02,510 THIS WAY AND THIS WAY, ON THE TOP AND THE BOTTOM. 1144 01:00:02,510 --> 01:00:05,820 AND THEN THIS WAY AND THIS WAY ON THE SIDES. 1145 01:00:05,820 --> 01:00:09,300 SO THE ONES THAT ARE ON THE SIDES, TIP IT THIS WAY. 1146 01:00:09,300 --> 01:00:13,060 AND THE ONES THAT ARE ON THE TOP AND THE BOTTOM GO THIS WAY AND 1147 01:00:13,060 --> 01:00:14,150 THIS WAY. 1148 01:00:14,150 --> 01:00:16,400 SO YOU GET THREE AXIS CONTROL. 1149 01:00:16,400 --> 01:00:21,940 SO WHEN WE WANT TO SPIN UP, WE FIRE THE THRUSTERS AND SPIN AT 5 1150 01:00:21,940 --> 01:00:22,940 RPM. 1151 01:00:22,940 --> 01:00:25,790 BECAUSE THAT'S A FAIRLY STABLE†-- IT'S A TRADE OFF 1152 01:00:25,790 --> 01:00:28,000 BETWEEN†-- THERE'S ALWAYS TRADEOFFS. 1153 01:00:28,000 --> 01:00:29,599 IT TAKES FULL TO SPIN OFF. 1154 01:00:29,599 --> 01:00:31,610 THE FAVORITE YOU SPIN THE MORE STABLE YOU ARE. 1155 01:00:31,610 --> 01:00:36,330 WE PROBABLY COULD HAVE GONE SLOWER BUT WE BUDGETED FOR 5 1156 01:00:36,330 --> 01:00:37,330 RPM. 1157 01:00:37,330 --> 01:00:45,300 ONCE YOU BUDGET EVERYTHING, YOU DON'T WANT TO CHANGE ANYTHING. 1158 01:00:45,300 --> 01:00:48,340 THERE'S TWO THRUSTERS POINTING STRAIGHT DOWN OUT OF THE BOTTOM. 1159 01:00:48,340 --> 01:00:52,340 THOSE ARE THE ONES WE DO TO USE THE MANEUVER AFTER PLUTO WHEN WE 1160 01:00:52,340 --> 01:00:53,770 GO TO THE KUIPER BELT. 1161 01:00:53,770 --> 01:00:57,609 THEY ARE LIKE FIVE TIMES AS BIG. 1162 01:00:57,609 --> 01:01:04,690 AND THEN WHEN WE DO THAT, WE ALSO USE THE OTHER THRUSTERS TO 1163 01:01:04,690 --> 01:01:08,320 CONTROL THE POINTING AS WE'RE THRUSTING. 1164 01:01:08,320 --> 01:01:12,359 ONE OTHER NEAT THING, WE ONLY USE TWO THRUSTERS AT A TIME. 1165 01:01:12,359 --> 01:01:14,619 THRUSTERS TAKE A LOT OF ENERGY. 1166 01:01:14,619 --> 01:01:18,430 WE WANT TO STAY UNDER THAT 200 WATTS OF POWER. 1167 01:01:18,430 --> 01:01:22,140 SO WE ONLY OPERATE TWO THRUSTERS AT A TIME EXCEPT WHEN WE DO A 1168 01:01:22,140 --> 01:01:26,000 DELTA V, AND THEN WE CAN DO 4. 1169 01:01:26,000 --> 01:01:27,520 HYDROZINE. 1170 01:01:27,520 --> 01:01:31,290 >> NEXT QUESTION COMES FROM LOWELL OBSERVATORY. 1171 01:01:31,290 --> 01:01:32,290 LOWELL? 1172 01:01:32,290 --> 01:01:39,349 >> HOW IS THE USE OF RTGs ON NEW HORIZONS CHANGE THE ATTITUDE, 1173 01:01:39,349 --> 01:01:45,740 POLITICAL OR OTHERWISE, OF UTILIZING RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL 1174 01:01:45,740 --> 01:01:50,510 FOR POWER SYSTEMS, FOR DEEP SPACE MISSIONS IN THANK YOU. 1175 01:01:50,510 --> 01:01:56,320 >> THAT WOULD BE A MORE PROGRAM ATTIC QUESTION. 1176 01:01:56,320 --> 01:02:01,491 THERE WASN'T MUCH RESISTANCE FOR NEW HORIZONS BECAUSE IT WAS A 1177 01:02:01,491 --> 01:02:03,680 DIRECT LAUNCH INTO SPACE. 1178 01:02:03,680 --> 01:02:06,310 SO THERE WEREN'T ANY FLY-BYS. 1179 01:02:06,310 --> 01:02:14,339 IT HAD NO OTHER RADIO ISOTOPE HEATER UNITS. 1180 01:02:14,339 --> 01:02:17,640 SO THE ANALYSIS FOR THE SAFETY WAS VERY STRAIGHTFORWARD AND 1181 01:02:17,640 --> 01:02:18,640 SIMPLE. 1182 01:02:18,640 --> 01:02:20,750 AND WE MADE A CONSCIOUS DECISION TO DO THAT BECAUSE WE HAD A 1183 01:02:20,750 --> 01:02:22,030 SHORT SCHEDULE. 1184 01:02:22,030 --> 01:02:27,160 SO WE WERE LAUNCHING A POWER SOURCE THAT HAD ALREADY FLOWN, 1185 01:02:27,160 --> 01:02:36,040 ALREADY IN THIS CONFIGURATION SIMILAR TO ULYSSES. 1186 01:02:36,040 --> 01:02:42,980 I THINK WE WOULD HAVE TO POLL THE AUDIENCE OR THE PUBLIC TO 1187 01:02:42,980 --> 01:02:46,690 SEE HOW IT HAS CHANGED THEIR PERCEPTION. 1188 01:02:46,690 --> 01:02:51,100 BUT I NEVER HAD ANY CONCERNS ABOUT THE LAUNCHING OF THE POWER 1189 01:02:51,100 --> 01:02:52,100 SOURCE. 1190 01:02:52,100 --> 01:02:53,100 >> WONDERFUL. 1191 01:02:53,100 --> 01:02:57,670 JUST A REMINDER WE'RE TAKING QUESTIONS USING #ASKNASA. 1192 01:02:57,670 --> 01:03:04,670 HOW LONG WOULD NEW HORIZONS LAST IN SPACE? 1193 01:03:04,670 --> 01:03:05,880 >> THAT'S A GOOD QUESTION. 1194 01:03:05,880 --> 01:03:12,280 AND IT DEPENDS ON WHAT THINGS COULD GO WRONG FIRST. 1195 01:03:12,280 --> 01:03:15,820 OR IF THINGS GO RIGHT. 1196 01:03:15,820 --> 01:03:20,990 THERE ARE THINGS YOU CAN DO THAT TAKE ON MORE RISK. 1197 01:03:20,990 --> 01:03:24,700 AS YOU MENTIONED ABOUT THE PROPULSION SYSTEM AND THE 1198 01:03:24,700 --> 01:03:29,170 THRUSTERS, AS WE START LOSING POWER FROM THE RTG, IT STARTS TO 1199 01:03:29,170 --> 01:03:31,619 DECAY AND GO DOWN. 1200 01:03:31,619 --> 01:03:34,140 YOU THINK ABOUT†-- WHAT CAN WE SHUT OFF? 1201 01:03:34,140 --> 01:03:36,010 WHAT DON'T WE NEED? 1202 01:03:36,010 --> 01:03:40,080 THERE ARE WAYS TO OPERATE THE SPACECRAFT WITH LESS THRUSTERS. 1203 01:03:40,080 --> 01:03:41,850 AND YOU COULD ALLOW THEM TO GET COLDER. 1204 01:03:41,850 --> 01:03:45,090 AND THE TEMPERATURE YOU COULD ALLOW TO GET COLDER. 1205 01:03:45,090 --> 01:03:47,540 AS YOU DO, YOU TAKE ON MORE RISK. 1206 01:03:47,540 --> 01:03:53,940 WE HAVE CALCULATED THAT IF ALL THINGS GO WELL, WE CAN 1207 01:03:53,940 --> 01:03:59,980 CONFIDENTLY MAINTAIN UNTIL THE MID 30s. 1208 01:03:59,980 --> 01:04:02,619 2030s. 1209 01:04:02,619 --> 01:04:06,300 BUT IF YOU ASK ME AND SAID I WAS BETTING, I THINK WE COULD GO 1210 01:04:06,300 --> 01:04:08,490 LONGER THAN THAT. 1211 01:04:08,490 --> 01:04:14,140 WE HAD TO KIND OF ESTIMATE WHAT'S A RELIABLE MISSION LIFE 1212 01:04:14,140 --> 01:04:16,940 AND CALCULATE THE DECAY AND THE RTG. 1213 01:04:16,940 --> 01:04:18,810 AND WE CAME UP WITH THE MID 2030s. 1214 01:04:18,810 --> 01:04:20,440 >> ALL RIGHT. 1215 01:04:20,440 --> 01:04:25,359 NEXT QUESTION FROM IN THE ROOM. 1216 01:04:25,359 --> 01:04:37,849 >> TO FOLLOW-UP ON WHAT YOU JUST SAID ABOUT THE 2030s, AND THEN 1217 01:04:37,849 --> 01:04:41,280 EARLIER ALAN TALKED ABOUT THE DECISION ABOUT GOING WHICH 1218 01:04:41,280 --> 01:04:44,600 DIRECTION, LET'S SAY THAT IT LASTS BEYOND 2030. 1219 01:04:44,600 --> 01:04:51,500 IS THERE ANY FUTURE PLANS BEYOND THE NEXT VENTURE FOR NEW 1220 01:04:51,500 --> 01:04:52,500 HORIZONS? 1221 01:04:52,500 --> 01:04:53,500 >> YEAH, THERE IS, ACTUALLY. 1222 01:04:53,500 --> 01:04:55,220 SOME FUTURE PLANS. 1223 01:04:55,220 --> 01:04:58,930 BUT OF COURSE THEY CAN'T BE DECIDED ON UNTIL THERE'S FUNDING 1224 01:04:58,930 --> 01:04:59,990 AND ALL OF THAT. 1225 01:04:59,990 --> 01:05:03,839 SO FROM AN ENGINEERING SCIENTIFIC, THE ADVANTAGE OF 1226 01:05:03,839 --> 01:05:07,530 GOING LONGER IS THAT YOU CAN TAKE THE MEASUREMENTS FROM THE 1227 01:05:07,530 --> 01:05:12,740 PARTICLES AND INSTRUMENTS AND MEASURE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN 1228 01:05:12,740 --> 01:05:18,650 THE HELIOSPHERE AND THE GALACTIC MEDIUM. 1229 01:05:18,650 --> 01:05:23,450 RIGHT NOW VOYAGER HAS TRANSFERRED INTO OUT BEYOND THE 1230 01:05:23,450 --> 01:05:24,450 HELIOSPHERE. 1231 01:05:24,450 --> 01:05:28,500 AND THE INTERACTIONS THEY DISCOVERED IN THAT BOUNDARY WAS 1232 01:05:28,500 --> 01:05:29,760 VERY SURPRISING. 1233 01:05:29,760 --> 01:05:34,160 SO WE WOULD ACTUALLY BE ABLE TO MAKE ANOTHER MEASUREMENT IN 1234 01:05:34,160 --> 01:05:38,750 ANOTHER PART OF THE H HE LIOSPHERE AND SEE THAT 1235 01:05:38,750 --> 01:05:42,670 TRANSITION INTO OUTER SPACE YOU WOULD CALL IT. 1236 01:05:42,670 --> 01:05:47,090 IT'S BEYOND THE SOLAR INFLUENCE. 1237 01:05:47,090 --> 01:05:51,660 >> NEXT QUESTION COMES FROM LOBE OBSERVATORY. 1238 01:05:51,660 --> 01:05:53,490 >> HI. 1239 01:05:53,490 --> 01:06:02,670 MY NAME IS NATALIE FELDER. 1240 01:06:02,670 --> 01:06:04,750 MY QUESTION IS, WHAT IS THE EXTERIOR BODY CONSTRUCTED OF TO 1241 01:06:04,750 --> 01:06:05,750 WITHSTAND THE PRESSURE AND VACUUM OF DEEP SCIENCE AND HOW 1242 01:06:05,750 --> 01:06:06,750 VULNERABLE IS IT TO THE ELEMENTS OF THE UNKNOWN, SO TO SPEAK? 1243 01:06:06,750 --> 01:06:08,740 >> THE VACUUM IS NOT A PROBLEM BECAUSE THERE ARE VENTS THAT LET 1244 01:06:08,740 --> 01:06:09,740 THE AIR OUT. 1245 01:06:09,740 --> 01:06:16,330 SO THAT'S NOT A PROBLEM. 1246 01:06:16,330 --> 01:06:23,920 BUT FOR THE PROTECTING AGAINST MICRO METEOROIDS, WE TOOK THE 1247 01:06:23,920 --> 01:06:28,280 THERMAL BLANKETS AND PUT STANDOFFS ALL AROUND, LIKE 1248 01:06:28,280 --> 01:06:34,790 LITTLE TOOTHPICKS TO RAISE THE BLANKETS A LITTLE BIT BIGGER. 1249 01:06:34,790 --> 01:06:37,920 SO WHEN YOU SAW THE SPACECRAFT WITH THE BLANKETS, THEY'RE NOT 1250 01:06:37,920 --> 01:06:39,599 PRESSED RIGHT AGAINST THE SPACECRAFT. 1251 01:06:39,599 --> 01:06:46,210 THEY ARE STOOD OFF LIKE A BUMPER FOR THE VERY SMALL PARTICLES 1252 01:06:46,210 --> 01:06:51,190 THAT MIGHT BE IN SPACE TO ALLOW THEM TO HIT SOMETHING AND 1253 01:06:51,190 --> 01:06:56,420 DISBURSE SO THEY WON'T PENETRATE THE SURFACE OF THE SPACECRAFT. 1254 01:06:56,420 --> 01:07:02,100 AND THEN WE ALSO PUT A VERY DENSE LAYER OF KEVLAR IN THE 1255 01:07:02,100 --> 01:07:03,100 BLANKET. 1256 01:07:03,100 --> 01:07:06,460 SO WE HAVE THE THERMAL BLANKETS, BUT WE ALSO HAVE A LAYER INSIDE 1257 01:07:06,460 --> 01:07:09,140 OF THERE THAT'S REALLY STRONG. 1258 01:07:09,140 --> 01:07:13,440 IT WON'T STOP THE PARTICLE FROM GETTING THROUGH THAT BLANKET. 1259 01:07:13,440 --> 01:07:17,589 BUT WHAT IT WILL DO IS BREAK IT UP SO WHEN IT DOES HIT THE DECK 1260 01:07:17,589 --> 01:07:19,020 OF THE SPACECRAFT IT WON'T PENETRATE. 1261 01:07:19,020 --> 01:07:21,780 IT WILL JUST MAKE AN INDENTATION. 1262 01:07:21,780 --> 01:07:25,400 THAT'S HOW WE DESIGNED THE SPACECRAFT FOR THAT. 1263 01:07:25,400 --> 01:07:26,400 >> ALL RIGHT. 1264 01:07:26,400 --> 01:07:27,860 NEXT QUESTION IN THE ROOM HERE. 1265 01:07:27,860 --> 01:07:30,830 >> THANK YOU, LOWELL FOR THAT LAST QUESTION. 1266 01:07:30,830 --> 01:07:32,020 PERFECT SEGUE. 1267 01:07:32,020 --> 01:07:33,150 HOW IS THAT A TEST? 1268 01:07:33,150 --> 01:07:36,610 IT LOOKS SO THIN? 1269 01:07:36,610 --> 01:07:38,000 LIKE TAPE. 1270 01:07:38,000 --> 01:07:42,200 >> THEY HAD I BELIEVE IT'S VELCROED. 1271 01:07:42,200 --> 01:07:46,859 ONE THING WE DID IN OUR TESTING IS WE HAD TO BE VERY ACCURATE 1272 01:07:46,859 --> 01:07:51,860 ABOUT HOW MUCH HEAT WAS LEAKING OUT OF THE SPACECRAFT. 1273 01:07:51,860 --> 01:07:56,050 SO IN ORDER TO PROVE THAT WE COULD DO THAT, WE ACTUALLY HAD 1274 01:07:56,050 --> 01:07:59,680 TO PUT THE BLANKETS ON, TEST IT IN A THERMAL VACUUM, TAKE THE 1275 01:07:59,680 --> 01:08:03,401 BLANKETS OFF AND THEN PUT THEM BACK ON AGAIN AND MAKE SURE IT 1276 01:08:03,401 --> 01:08:04,401 WAS THE SAME. 1277 01:08:04,401 --> 01:08:06,520 SO WHEN WE PUT IT BACK ON THE LAST TIME WE COULD HAVE 1278 01:08:06,520 --> 01:08:09,500 CONFIDENCE THAT IT WAS GOING TO BE THE SAME. 1279 01:08:09,500 --> 01:08:11,930 I BELIEVE IT'S VELCRO AND TAPE. 1280 01:08:11,930 --> 01:08:17,290 AND THEN THE STAND OFFS HAVE LIKE A WASHER OR SOMETHING THAT 1281 01:08:17,290 --> 01:08:21,650 HOLDS IT UP AND THEN IT'S FAS ESPECIALLIED ON THE TOP. 1282 01:08:21,650 --> 01:08:27,339 BUT WE HAVE AMAZING THERMAL ENGINEERS THAT WILL SEW THESE 1283 01:08:27,339 --> 01:08:28,339 BLANKETS. 1284 01:08:28,339 --> 01:08:29,690 IT IS REALLY QUITE AN OPERATION. 1285 01:08:29,690 --> 01:08:31,650 THEY HAVE A WHOLE MODEL ON THE SPACECRAFT. 1286 01:08:31,650 --> 01:08:34,420 THEY BUILD IT ON THE MODEL AND THEN THEY HAVE TO PIECE IT OFF 1287 01:08:34,420 --> 01:08:36,670 LIKE A DRESS. 1288 01:08:36,670 --> 01:08:41,289 >> THE LAST QUESTION COMES FROM LOWELL. 1289 01:08:41,289 --> 01:08:43,569 >> ALY McGRAW HERE. 1290 01:08:43,569 --> 01:08:45,099 SPACECRAFT JITTER. 1291 01:08:45,099 --> 01:08:55,769 DO YOU EXPECT TO SEE ANY JITTER OR ARE THEY DESIGNED TO BE ON 1292 01:08:55,769 --> 01:08:57,669 THE SPACECRAFT? 1293 01:08:57,669 --> 01:09:02,440 >> WE TRY TO AVOID MOVING PARTS WHEREVER POSSIBLE TO INCREASE 1294 01:09:02,440 --> 01:09:04,099 THE RELIABILITY OF THE SPACECRAFT. 1295 01:09:04,099 --> 01:09:08,119 SO THERE'S REALLY NOTHING ON BOARD THAT HAS BEEN MOVED. 1296 01:09:08,119 --> 01:09:12,469 THE STUDENT DESK COUNTER IS ONE THAT CAN MEASURE VERY FINE 1297 01:09:12,469 --> 01:09:15,389 DISTURBANCES. 1298 01:09:15,389 --> 01:09:19,989 BECAUSE IT IS INTENDED TO MEASURE AT A VERY SMALL IMPACT 1299 01:09:19,989 --> 01:09:21,569 ON A DETECTOR. 1300 01:09:21,569 --> 01:09:24,929 BUT IT HAS THE ABILITY TO SET ITS THRESHOLDS. 1301 01:09:24,929 --> 01:09:27,389 AND THE ONE THING I WAS GOING TO SAY THAT DOES HAVE MOVING PARTS, 1302 01:09:27,389 --> 01:09:30,549 THERE IS A VALVE INSIDE THE THRUSTERS. 1303 01:09:30,549 --> 01:09:34,779 SO THE STUDENT DESK COUNTER CAN DETECT WHEN THE THRUSTERS ARE 1304 01:09:34,779 --> 01:09:35,779 FIRING. 1305 01:09:35,779 --> 01:09:42,449 SO AT PLUTO, IT ACTUALLY HAS TO RAISE THRESHOLD. 1306 01:09:42,449 --> 01:09:44,699 WHEN WE'RE IN HIBERNATION, WE DON'T FIRE ANY. 1307 01:09:44,699 --> 01:09:47,150 THEY LOWER THE PRESSURE TO BE MORE SENSITIVE. 1308 01:09:47,150 --> 01:09:50,849 AT PLUTO, WE WILL BE THRUSTING AND MANEUVERING AND TAKING 1309 01:09:50,849 --> 01:09:51,889 PICTURES. 1310 01:09:51,889 --> 01:09:56,639 THAT ACTUALLY CAUSES SLIGHT DISTURBANCES ON THE SPACECRAFT. 1311 01:09:56,639 --> 01:10:00,800 BUT THERE REALLY IS NO JITTER AS FAR AS THE IMAGES ARE CONCERNED. 1312 01:10:00,800 --> 01:10:04,219 ONLY THE MOTION OF THE SPACECRAFT AND THE ATTITUDE 1313 01:10:04,219 --> 01:10:05,710 CONTROL. 1314 01:10:05,710 --> 01:10:06,710 >> ALL RIGHT. 1315 01:10:06,710 --> 01:10:08,499 THANK YOU VERY MUCH, CHRIS, FOR LETTING US KNOW ABOUT THE 1316 01:10:08,499 --> 01:10:09,659 SPACECRAFT. 1317 01:10:09,659 --> 01:10:10,820 DEFINITELY. 1318 01:10:10,820 --> 01:10:14,300 [ APPLAUSE ]. ALL RIGHT. 1319 01:10:14,300 --> 01:10:18,539 UP NEXT FROM NASA'S RESEARCH CENTER IS KIM ENNICO, HERE TO 1320 01:10:18,539 --> 01:10:21,139 TELL US A LITTLE BIT ABOUT WHAT IT'S LIKE TO BE ON THE TEAM AND 1321 01:10:21,139 --> 01:10:25,349 PREPARATIONS THEY'RE MAKING FOR THE JULY 14th FLY-BY OF PLUTO. 1322 01:10:25,349 --> 01:10:26,349 SO, KIM? 1323 01:10:26,349 --> 01:10:27,349 >> ALL RIGHT. 1324 01:10:27,349 --> 01:10:34,909 SO BEING A NASA SOCIAL, I WANT TO CONVEY TO YOU A DAY IN THE 1325 01:10:34,909 --> 01:10:37,590 LIFE OF WHAT'S GOING ON RIGHT NOW. 1326 01:10:37,590 --> 01:10:43,039 WE ARE 37 DAYS FROM CLOSEST APPROACH. 1327 01:10:43,039 --> 01:10:45,989 WE ARE IN DAY OF YEAR 157. 1328 01:10:45,989 --> 01:10:48,719 AND A LOT OF TIMES THESE NUMBERS AND DATES ARE IN MY HEAD. 1329 01:10:48,719 --> 01:10:52,780 BECAUSE IN THE COURSE OF A SINGLE DAY I MAY BE THINKING 1330 01:10:52,780 --> 01:10:58,090 ABOUT SOMETHING THAT WAS MONTHS AGO, WEEKS AGO, THIS MORNING, 1331 01:10:58,090 --> 01:11:02,099 TOMORROW, NEXT WEEK, AND THE NEXT YEAR. 1332 01:11:02,099 --> 01:11:03,500 SO DOING THIS JUGGLING. 1333 01:11:03,500 --> 01:11:07,920 SO I JUST WANT TO GIVE YOU A SENSE OF A DAY IN THE LIFE OF 1334 01:11:07,920 --> 01:11:10,800 THE OPERATIONS. 1335 01:11:10,800 --> 01:11:11,920 THE MISSION IS LONG. 1336 01:11:11,920 --> 01:11:13,039 NINE AND A HALF YEARS. 1337 01:11:13,039 --> 01:11:14,550 LAUNCHED IN 2006. 1338 01:11:14,550 --> 01:11:20,310 GETS TO BLUE JULY 14th, 2015, NINE AND A HALF YEARS. 1339 01:11:20,310 --> 01:11:24,770 IT ISN'T YOU LAUNCH IT, PUT IT TO SLEEP AND FORGET IT ABOUT IT 1340 01:11:24,770 --> 01:11:26,019 FOR NINE YEARS. 1341 01:11:26,019 --> 01:11:30,789 WHAT THIS REPRESENTS HERE IS SEVEN YEARS OF THE MISSION 1342 01:11:30,789 --> 01:11:35,400 SCRUNCHED DOWN INTO A SLIDE, COLOR CODING TIMES FROM LEFT TO 1343 01:11:35,400 --> 01:11:38,199 RIGHT, THE DIFFERENT PERIODS OF ACTIVITIES. 1344 01:11:38,199 --> 01:11:42,000 TYPICALLY AFTER LAUNCH INSTRUMENT CHECKOUT THE JUPITER 1345 01:11:42,000 --> 01:11:46,309 FLY-BY WHICH OCCURRED A YEAR AND A HALF A AFTER LAUNCH WENT INTO 1346 01:11:46,309 --> 01:11:48,119 THIS CRUISE MODE. 1347 01:11:48,119 --> 01:11:51,969 DURING THE COURSE OF THE CRUISE MODE, THE INSTRUMENTS WOULD GO 1348 01:11:51,969 --> 01:11:55,999 TO SLEEP FOR SEVERAL MONTHS OF THE YEAR AND WAKE UP ABOUT TWICE 1349 01:11:55,999 --> 01:12:00,010 A YEAR FOR WHICH WE WOULD DO CALIBRATIONS. 1350 01:12:00,010 --> 01:12:01,809 SEE IF EVERYTHING IS FINE. 1351 01:12:01,809 --> 01:12:04,739 CHECKING WHETHER THE TEMPERATURES WERE WORKING WELL. 1352 01:12:04,739 --> 01:12:09,650 THIS HAS BEEN THE COURSE OF ACTION FOR THE LAST SEVEN YEARS. 1353 01:12:09,650 --> 01:12:14,360 THE COLORS REPRESENT†-- PURPLE IS WHEN IT'S IN SPIN MODE, WHICH 1354 01:12:14,360 --> 01:12:17,340 CHRIS ALLUDED TO. 1355 01:12:17,340 --> 01:12:20,650 IT GIVES US STABILIZATION FOR THE ANTENNA POINTED AT EARTH 1356 01:12:20,650 --> 01:12:22,099 SAVES ON FUEL. 1357 01:12:22,099 --> 01:12:24,040 WE'RE NOT TAKING ANY PICTURES THEN. 1358 01:12:24,040 --> 01:12:29,340 THOSE YELLOW PERIODS HERE, SURE, JUST A WEEK HERE, WEEK THERE 1359 01:12:29,340 --> 01:12:30,670 TWICE A YEAR. 1360 01:12:30,670 --> 01:12:34,349 THAT'S WHEN WE GO TO THREE AXIS MODE TO DO SOME OBSERVATIONS. 1361 01:12:34,349 --> 01:12:39,289 WE GO TO THE NEXT SLIDE. 2015. 1362 01:12:39,289 --> 01:12:41,280 OUR ENCOUNTER STARTED IN JANUARY. 1363 01:12:41,280 --> 01:12:44,469 YES, JULY 14th IS GOING TO BE THE DAY. 1364 01:12:44,469 --> 01:12:46,320 BUT OUR TEAM IS REALLY BUSY RIGHT NOW. 1365 01:12:46,320 --> 01:12:49,250 IN FACT, IT'S VERY BUSY RIGHT NOW. 1366 01:12:49,250 --> 01:12:54,079 AND I'VE INDICATED A RED LINE WHERE JUNE 6. 1367 01:12:54,079 --> 01:12:56,849 P MINUS 38. 1368 01:12:56,849 --> 01:13:01,570 BLUE MINUS 38 DAYS. 1369 01:13:01,570 --> 01:13:05,570 WE WOKE OFF HIBERNATION DECEMBER OF LAST YEAR, WENT INTO THREE 1370 01:13:05,570 --> 01:13:11,360 AXIS MODE, AND STARTED A SERIES OF OPTICAL NAVIGATION USING THE 1371 01:13:11,360 --> 01:13:15,280 INSTRUMENT TO LOOK AT PLUTO, KAREN, AND NIX AND HYDRA WITH 1372 01:13:15,280 --> 01:13:19,910 TWO DIFFERENT MODES AND MEASURE PRECISELY WHERE WE'RE POINTED. 1373 01:13:19,910 --> 01:13:23,900 WE USED THAT INFORMATION AND DID A CORRECTION MANEUVER A FEW 1374 01:13:23,900 --> 01:13:24,900 MONTHS AGO. 1375 01:13:24,900 --> 01:13:29,979 AND WE ARE PLANNING THE NEXT MANEUVER ON JUNE 15th. 1376 01:13:29,979 --> 01:13:33,389 HOWEVER, THAT'S NOT CERTAIN, BECAUSE THE TEAM TODAY IS 1377 01:13:33,389 --> 01:13:37,449 LOOKING AT DATA THAT WAS TAKEN THREE DAYS AGO THAT GOT BROUGHT 1378 01:13:37,449 --> 01:13:38,449 DOWN TODAY. 1379 01:13:38,449 --> 01:13:43,860 THEY'RE LOOKING AT IT, ANALYZING IT AND A DECISION WILL BE MADE 1380 01:13:43,860 --> 01:13:47,389 ON MONDAY WHETHER OR NOT WE'RE GOING TO GO AHEAD WITH THE BURN 1381 01:13:47,389 --> 01:13:48,510 IN A COUPLE OF DAYS. 1382 01:13:48,510 --> 01:13:52,090 SO IT'S VERY BUSY RIGHT NOW JUST TO GIVE YOU A SENSE. 1383 01:13:52,090 --> 01:13:57,429 WHEN WE GET TO JULY 14th, A COUPLE DAYS BEFORE THE BAR TURNS 1384 01:13:57,429 --> 01:13:58,690 ORANGE. 1385 01:13:58,690 --> 01:14:02,010 THAT'S JUST AN INDICATION THAT WE HAVE PUT THE SPACECRAFT INTO 1386 01:14:02,010 --> 01:14:05,690 A PARTICULAR MODE CALLED "ENCOUNTER MODE." 1387 01:14:05,690 --> 01:14:11,619 WHERE AUTONOMY WILL REBOOT THE COMMANDER IN CASE WE HAVE A DATA 1388 01:14:11,619 --> 01:14:14,880 IN COMMAND EVENT FAILURE. 1389 01:14:14,880 --> 01:14:20,880 WE CAN'T WAIT FOR THE SPACECRAFT TO GO SAFE. 1390 01:14:20,880 --> 01:14:26,849 WE TESTED IT DURING REHEARSAL A YEAR AND A HALF AGO BECAUSE WE 1391 01:14:26,849 --> 01:14:30,840 WANTED TO MAKE SURE THAT THE SPACECRAFT†-- THAT ALL THE 1392 01:14:30,840 --> 01:14:33,239 SYSTEMS ON SPACECRAFT WOULD EXECUTE. 1393 01:14:33,239 --> 01:14:37,050 SO DOING A FULL REHEARSAL OF WHAT WE WILL BE DOING WITH THE 1394 01:14:37,050 --> 01:14:40,929 SPACECRAFT THIS SUMMER, THIS JULY, TWO CAREERS AGO RETIRED A 1395 01:14:40,929 --> 01:14:45,389 LOT OF UNCERTAINTIES HOW THE ACTUAL SPACECRAFT WILL BEHAVE. 1396 01:14:45,389 --> 01:14:49,020 GO TO THE NEXT SLIDE. 1397 01:14:49,020 --> 01:14:50,949 I WANT TO POINT THIS OUT. 1398 01:14:50,949 --> 01:14:54,829 IF EVERYONE DOESN'T KNOW ABOUT THIS AMAZING SITE, EYES ON 1399 01:14:54,829 --> 01:14:57,909 NASA.GOV. 1400 01:14:57,909 --> 01:15:05,530 THIS IS A SCREEN GRAB OF APRIL WHEN WE DID A TEST SIMULATING 1401 01:15:05,530 --> 01:15:10,010 THE GROUND SUPPORT WE NEEDED FOR A PARTICULAR TYPE OF EXPERIMENT 1402 01:15:10,010 --> 01:15:12,389 THAT WE'RE GOING TO DO DURING THE PLUTO AND KAREN 1403 01:15:12,389 --> 01:15:16,059 OCCULTATIONS. 1404 01:15:16,059 --> 01:15:24,160 WHAT YOU SEE HERE IS THIS IS MADRID, GOLD STONE AND CON 1405 01:15:24,160 --> 01:15:25,160 BERRA. 1406 01:15:25,160 --> 01:15:27,749 WE HAD FIVE ANTENNAS IN USE. 1407 01:15:27,749 --> 01:15:31,010 NOW WE SWITCHED TO LIVE. 1408 01:15:31,010 --> 01:15:38,679 AND I WANT TO POINT OUT IF YOU GO TO IT RIGHT NOW, YOU WILL SEE 1409 01:15:38,679 --> 01:15:41,429 WE ARE ACTUALLY TALKING TO CANBERRA. 1410 01:15:41,429 --> 01:15:42,630 OUR CALL SIGN IS NHPC. 1411 01:15:42,630 --> 01:15:46,719 THIS IS 70 METER, THE LARGER DISH. 1412 01:15:46,719 --> 01:15:48,709 THESE ARE 34 METERS. 1413 01:15:48,709 --> 01:15:52,929 TODAY WE ARE DOWNLOADING DATA THAT WE TOOK THE LAST COUPLE OF 1414 01:15:52,929 --> 01:15:53,929 DAYS. 1415 01:15:53,929 --> 01:15:57,239 IN FACT, TODAY'S DATA WAS EARLIER IN THE MORNING, OPTICAL 1416 01:15:57,239 --> 01:15:58,239 NAVIGATION. 1417 01:15:58,239 --> 01:16:01,739 RIGHT NOW WE ARE GETTING DOWN HAZARD DATA. 1418 01:16:01,739 --> 01:16:04,249 WE CALL IT MOON SEARCH DATA, HAZARD DATA. 1419 01:16:04,249 --> 01:16:07,900 WE HAVE STRATEGICALLY LOOKING AT THE PLUTO SYSTEM, LOOKING FOR 1420 01:16:07,900 --> 01:16:12,400 MOONS TO INFORM THE PROJECT WHETHER OR NOT WE NEED TO MAKE A 1421 01:16:12,400 --> 01:16:14,420 COURSE CORRECTION. 1422 01:16:14,420 --> 01:16:16,620 WE HAVEN'T SEEN ANYTHING TO DATE, BUT WE ARE STILL TAKING 1423 01:16:16,620 --> 01:16:17,670 THESE LOOKS. 1424 01:16:17,670 --> 01:16:20,500 WE HAVE SPECIFIC TIMES AND TIMELINES AND WE CAN MAKE A 1425 01:16:20,500 --> 01:16:25,329 DECISION TO GO TO A SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT TRAJECTORY OR SPACE 1426 01:16:25,329 --> 01:16:27,559 GRIP ATTITUDE. 1427 01:16:27,559 --> 01:16:31,510 WE ARE SHOWING YOU THE LATEST IMAGES FROM THE LORI CAMERA 1428 01:16:31,510 --> 01:16:36,440 POSTING ON THE WEBSITE. 1429 01:16:36,440 --> 01:16:38,920 GO TO THE MAIN WEBSITE. 1430 01:16:38,920 --> 01:16:40,960 THERE'S THIS LITTLE CAMERA ICON. 1431 01:16:40,960 --> 01:16:42,929 IT WILL SHOW YOU THE LORI IMAGES. 1432 01:16:42,929 --> 01:16:43,980 AND HERE'S ONE. 1433 01:16:43,980 --> 01:16:45,130 THIS IS A SCREEN GRAB. 1434 01:16:45,130 --> 01:16:48,309 BUT IF YOU LOOK RIGHT NOW YOU WILL SEE IT IS DATA TAKEN FROM 1435 01:16:48,309 --> 01:16:52,619 JUNE 6th SHOWING THERE RIGHT NOW. 1436 01:16:52,619 --> 01:16:54,330 THEY ARE SHOWING YOU THE SYSTEM. 1437 01:16:54,330 --> 01:16:58,159 AND YOU CAN LOOK ON THE THUMBNAILS AND FOLLOW ALONG. 1438 01:16:58,159 --> 01:17:01,699 MY MESSAGE IS WE ARE NOT WAITING UNTIL JULY 14th. 1439 01:17:01,699 --> 01:17:04,709 JULY 14th IS GOING TO BE EPIC. 1440 01:17:04,709 --> 01:17:07,800 THE SPACECRAFTST GOING TO BE BUSY TAKING PICTURES OF PLUTO. 1441 01:17:07,800 --> 01:17:09,229 WE'RE GOING TO BE SITTING BACK AND WAITING. 1442 01:17:09,229 --> 01:17:14,959 BUT RIGHT NOW WE'RE ACTUALLY TAKING SOME NEW DATA THAT IS 1443 01:17:14,959 --> 01:17:17,030 COMMUNICATING WITH THE SPACECRAFT AND DOING LOTS OF 1444 01:17:17,030 --> 01:17:18,949 DECISION MAKING RIGHT NOW. 1445 01:17:18,949 --> 01:17:20,360 WE CAN MOVE ON. 1446 01:17:20,360 --> 01:17:23,400 TO GIVE YOU A GLIMPSE THAT WILL GIVE YOU A SENSE IN THE CURRENT 1447 01:17:23,400 --> 01:17:26,440 DAY RIGHT NOW IN MY LIFE AND ALSO THE LIFE OF THE TEAM, 1448 01:17:26,440 --> 01:17:29,630 BECAUSE I DO WANT TO QUOTE ONE OF MY HEROES, EMMETT FROM THE 1449 01:17:29,630 --> 01:17:30,890 LEGO MOVIE. 1450 01:17:30,890 --> 01:17:32,889 EVERYTHING IS SAW SOME BUT EVERYTHING IS COOL WHEN YOU'RE 1451 01:17:32,889 --> 01:17:37,480 PART OF A TEAM. 1452 01:17:37,480 --> 01:17:42,159 WE HAVE TO HAVE SO MANY AS WITH SO MANY DIFFERENT DISCIPLINES 1453 01:17:42,159 --> 01:17:43,889 REVIEWING THE DATA PRODUCTS. 1454 01:17:43,889 --> 01:17:46,809 SO I HAVE HINTED THAT IN THE COURSE OF A DAY I COULD START MY 1455 01:17:46,809 --> 01:17:50,050 MORNING HAVING A CONVERSATION TALKING ABOUT SOMETHING WE DID 1456 01:17:50,050 --> 01:17:51,539 THREE MONTHS AGO. 1457 01:17:51,539 --> 01:17:54,489 WE'RE SITTING IN A REVIEW OF SOMETHING GOING UP TO THE 1458 01:17:54,489 --> 01:17:59,070 SPACECRAFT TWO DAYS FROM NOW, TO PLANNING THE DOWN LINK OF THE 1459 01:17:59,070 --> 01:18:02,619 DATA THAT'S GOING TO OCCUR OVER THE NEXT YEAR AND A HALF. 1460 01:18:02,619 --> 01:18:05,800 THIS IS AN EXAMPLE OF A LOAD THAT WE WERE JUST REVIEWING THAT 1461 01:18:05,800 --> 01:18:12,909 IS FOR THE FLY-BY. 1462 01:18:12,909 --> 01:18:17,059 WHAT YOU SEE HERE IS THIS IS AN STK IMAGE. 1463 01:18:17,059 --> 01:18:22,199 THE GREEN REPRESENTS THE FIELD OF VIEW OF THE LORI IMAGEER. 1464 01:18:22,199 --> 01:18:27,130 TO QUOTE ONE OF OUR SEQUENCERS, WHEN SHE MADE THESE IMAGES SHE 1465 01:18:27,130 --> 01:18:31,150 GOT ALL SAD BECAUSE THEY ARE GETTING SMALLER AND SMALLER AND 1466 01:18:31,150 --> 01:18:34,750 SMALLER AND SMALLER AS WE GO FURTHER AND FURTHER AWAY. 1467 01:18:34,750 --> 01:18:36,289 THE ILLUMINATION IS DIFFERENT. 1468 01:18:36,289 --> 01:18:42,219 WE FLY IN WHEN PLUTO AND CHARON ARE ILLUMINATED. 1469 01:18:42,219 --> 01:18:48,420 THEY BECOME DARKER AND JUST VERY DIFFERENT WORLDS. 1470 01:18:48,420 --> 01:18:51,869 WE HAVE A SPECIFIC MANY SERIES OF IMAGES WE ARE GOING TO TAKE. 1471 01:18:51,869 --> 01:18:57,110 LOOKING BAG AT THESE THIN CRESCENTS TO LOOK FOR DUST. 1472 01:18:57,110 --> 01:18:58,830 WE'RE NOT GOING BACK. 1473 01:18:58,830 --> 01:19:03,830 SO THIS IS SOMETHING THAT WE'RE PLANNING FOR JULY 21st. 1474 01:19:03,830 --> 01:19:05,739 OKAY. 1475 01:19:05,739 --> 01:19:10,440 AND IT HAD BEEN MENTIONED BEFORE THAT WE ARE DOWNLOADING DATA 1476 01:19:10,440 --> 01:19:11,460 RIGHT NOW. 1477 01:19:11,460 --> 01:19:13,019 WE'RE IN JUNE. 1478 01:19:13,019 --> 01:19:19,260 AND THE DATA COVERS ALL KINDS OF SCIENCES. 1479 01:19:19,260 --> 01:19:24,969 WHEN WE GET TO THE ACTUAL JULY ENCOUNTER, WE HAVE TO FILL UP 1480 01:19:24,969 --> 01:19:28,250 THE RECORDERS AS BEST AS POSSIBLE. 1481 01:19:28,250 --> 01:19:29,949 WE'RE NOT DOWN LINKING THAT MUCH. 1482 01:19:29,949 --> 01:19:34,530 BECAUSE EVERY SECOND LOOKING AT EARTH IS A SECOND NOT LOOKING AT 1483 01:19:34,530 --> 01:19:35,550 PLUTO. 1484 01:19:35,550 --> 01:19:43,420 WHEN YOU PASS THROUGH 50,000 KILOMETERS PER HOUR, YOU WANT TO 1485 01:19:43,420 --> 01:19:46,289 TAKE AS MANY PICTURES AND SPECTRA AS YOU CAN. 1486 01:19:46,289 --> 01:19:51,719 SO WE JUST FILL UP THE HARD BANKS. 1487 01:19:51,719 --> 01:19:53,719 WE HAVE A COUPLE SNIPPETS OF DATA. 1488 01:19:53,719 --> 01:19:58,280 IN AUGUST, GOING OUT FOR A YEAR AND A HALF, WE'LL BE DOWNLOADING 1489 01:19:58,280 --> 01:20:00,429 THIS DATA. 1490 01:20:00,429 --> 01:20:02,869 I'M INVOLVED IN THE PLANNING FOR THAT. 1491 01:20:02,869 --> 01:20:06,769 SO IN THE COURSE OF A DAY, I'VE BEEN THINKING ABOUT THE PAST. 1492 01:20:06,769 --> 01:20:08,039 I'M LOOKING AT DATA. 1493 01:20:08,039 --> 01:20:09,329 DOING SCIENCE. 1494 01:20:09,329 --> 01:20:12,680 I'M HELPING REVIEW WHAT'S GOING UP TO THE SPACECRAFT IN A 1495 01:20:12,680 --> 01:20:16,679 MONTH'S TIME, WEEK'S TIME, IN A COUPLE DAYS'S TIME. 1496 01:20:16,679 --> 01:20:18,539 I'M THINKING ABOUT THE FUTURE. 1497 01:20:18,539 --> 01:20:21,300 WE'RE PREPARING FOR THE ENCOUNTER. 1498 01:20:21,300 --> 01:20:25,840 TODAY WE'RE GETTING DATA FOR THE HAZARD TEAM. 1499 01:20:25,840 --> 01:20:29,539 THEY ARE ANALYZING THE DATA RIGHT NOW BECAUSE THEY NEED TO 1500 01:20:29,539 --> 01:20:30,980 MAKE A DECISION ON MONDAY. 1501 01:20:30,980 --> 01:20:36,599 SO IT'S A VERY ACTIVE PERIOD FOR THE WHOLE TEAM. 1502 01:20:36,599 --> 01:20:41,369 YOU CAN FOLLOW US ALONG BY LOOKING AT THAT WEBSITE. 1503 01:20:41,369 --> 01:20:46,289 WE'RE NOT TALKING DSN ALL THE TIME BUT WE DO TALK SEVERAL 1504 01:20:46,289 --> 01:20:49,659 TIMES A WEEK. 1505 01:20:49,659 --> 01:20:53,250 AND ALSO LOOKING AT THE WEBSITE TO SEE THE LATEST IMAGES FROM 1506 01:20:53,250 --> 01:20:54,250 LORI. 1507 01:20:54,250 --> 01:20:57,429 IT IS A VERY EXCITING TIME RIGHT NOW. 1508 01:20:57,429 --> 01:20:59,520 AND WE HAVEN'T EVEN MADE IT TO JULY 14th. 1509 01:20:59,520 --> 01:21:02,349 WE HAVE 37 DAYS TO GO. 1510 01:21:02,349 --> 01:21:04,070 >> ALL RIGHT. 1511 01:21:04,070 --> 01:21:06,639 THANK YOU VERY MUCH, KIM, FOR SHARING WITH US A LITTLE BIT 1512 01:21:06,639 --> 01:21:08,730 ABOUT WHAT THE DAY IN THE LIFE OF THE TEAM LOOKS LIKE, HOW YOU 1513 01:21:08,730 --> 01:21:11,989 GUYS ARE GETTING READY FOR THE PREPARATIONS AND EVERYTHING. 1514 01:21:11,989 --> 01:21:13,840 AND KIM IS ACTIVE ON SOCIAL MEDIA. 1515 01:21:13,840 --> 01:21:16,380 SHE CAN DEFINITELY ANSWER YOUR QUESTIONS ON THERE. 1516 01:21:16,380 --> 01:21:17,780 USE THE ASK NASA HASHTAG. 1517 01:21:17,780 --> 01:21:18,780 WONDERFUL. 1518 01:21:18,780 --> 01:21:19,780 ALL RIGHT. 1519 01:21:19,780 --> 01:21:20,780 YEAH. 1520 01:21:20,780 --> 01:21:27,800 SO NEXT UP IN THE INTEREST OF 1521 01:21:27,800 --> 01:21:32,280 TIME HERE, WE WANT TO GIVE ONE BIG WAY THAT YOU GUYS CAN GET 1522 01:21:32,280 --> 01:21:34,019 INVOLVED IN FOLLOWING ALONG THE FLY-BY. 1523 01:21:34,019 --> 01:21:37,459 WE SAW A GLIMPSE OF ALL THE PLANNING THAT KIM WAS TALKING 1524 01:21:37,459 --> 01:21:39,050 ABOUT AND EVERYTHING. 1525 01:21:39,050 --> 01:21:43,090 AND YOU CAN ACTUALLY SEE WITH NASA'S EYES ON THE SOLAR SYSTEM 1526 01:21:43,090 --> 01:21:47,449 WITH THE EYES ON PLUTO MODULE A LITTLE BIT OF HOW YOU TOO CAN 1527 01:21:47,449 --> 01:21:50,309 WATCH AND FOLLOW ALONG DURING THE ENTIRE FLY-BY SEQUENCE. 1528 01:21:50,309 --> 01:21:54,719 HERE TO TALK A LITTLE BIT MORE ABOUT IT IS KEVIN HUSSEY FROM 1529 01:21:54,719 --> 01:21:56,940 NASA'S JET PROPULSION LABORATORY. 1530 01:21:56,940 --> 01:21:57,940 KEVIN? 1531 01:21:57,940 --> 01:21:59,550 >> THANK YOU. 1532 01:21:59,550 --> 01:22:03,099 I MANAGE A GROUP AT THE JET PRO PUDDLE LABORATORY WHOSE JOB IT 1533 01:22:03,099 --> 01:22:09,230 IS TO VISUALIZE THE DATA THAT NASA COLLECTS. 1534 01:22:09,230 --> 01:22:12,090 ONE OF THE TOOLS THAT'S ALREADY BEEN MENTIONED IS NASA'S EYES. 1535 01:22:12,090 --> 01:22:14,380 EYES ON ON NASA.GOV. 1536 01:22:14,380 --> 01:22:18,920 MY OBJECTIVE HERE IN THE NEXT FEW MINUTES IS TO TRAIN YOU HOW 1537 01:22:18,920 --> 01:22:23,750 TO BECOME VIRTUAL EXPLORERS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM USING EYES ON 1538 01:22:23,750 --> 01:22:26,499 NASA.GOV. 1539 01:22:26,499 --> 01:22:31,260 YOU START BY GOING TO THE WEBSITE. 1540 01:22:31,260 --> 01:22:35,630 WHEN YOU DO YOU WILL SEE A BIG DOWNLOAD BUTTON. 1541 01:22:35,630 --> 01:22:38,260 WHEN YOU HIT DOWNLOAD, YOU LITERALLY WILL BE DOWNLOADING 1542 01:22:38,260 --> 01:22:41,360 ESSENTIALLY LIKE A VIDEO GAME. 1543 01:22:41,360 --> 01:22:45,619 WE USE VIDEO GAME TECHNOLOGY TO ALLOW YOU TO VISUALIZE WHAT IS 1544 01:22:45,619 --> 01:22:47,639 TAKING PLACE IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 1545 01:22:47,639 --> 01:22:50,099 NOW, I'VE ALREADY DONE THAT, OBVIOUSLY. 1546 01:22:50,099 --> 01:22:51,980 SO I'M GOING TO MINIMIZE THIS. 1547 01:22:51,980 --> 01:22:56,110 ONCE YOU DO DOWNLOAD IT, YOU'LL GET AN ICON THAT SAYS NASA'S 1548 01:22:56,110 --> 01:22:57,110 EYES. 1549 01:22:57,110 --> 01:22:58,110 BY THE WAY, THIS IS A LIVE DEMONSTRATION. 1550 01:22:58,110 --> 01:23:00,719 I HAVE BEEN WARNED ABOUT DOING LIVE DEMONSTRATIONS. 1551 01:23:00,719 --> 01:23:02,380 IT DOESN'T SCARE ME. 1552 01:23:02,380 --> 01:23:05,469 I'M GOING TO DOUBLE CLICK THIS TO SHOW YOU WHAT IT WILL BE LIKE 1553 01:23:05,469 --> 01:23:08,889 ONCE YOU DOWNLOAD THIS SOFTWARE. 1554 01:23:08,889 --> 01:23:10,760 WE HAVE MANY DIFFERENT PRODUCTS. 1555 01:23:10,760 --> 01:23:12,750 WE HAVE ONE THAT TALKS ABOUT THE EARTH. 1556 01:23:12,750 --> 01:23:15,099 WE HAVE TWO FOR THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 1557 01:23:15,099 --> 01:23:19,750 AND WE HAVE ONE FOR EXOPLANETS, PLANETS DISCOVERED AROUND OTHER 1558 01:23:19,750 --> 01:23:21,239 STARS. 1559 01:23:21,239 --> 01:23:26,679 WE ALSO HAVE THESE LINKS AT THE BOTTOM WHICH ARE SUBSETS OF EYES 1560 01:23:26,679 --> 01:23:28,179 ON THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 1561 01:23:28,179 --> 01:23:29,179 OKAY. 1562 01:23:29,179 --> 01:23:31,429 ONE OF WHICH IS CALLED EYES ON PLUTO. 1563 01:23:31,429 --> 01:23:34,340 THAT'S THE ONE I WILL SPEND MOST OF MY TIME ON TODAY. 1564 01:23:34,340 --> 01:23:37,579 BEFORE I DO, I WANT TO MAKE A NOTE HERE EYES ON THE SOLAR 1565 01:23:37,579 --> 01:23:41,709 SUBSTANTIAL HAS A SIMPLE AND ADVANCED MODE. 1566 01:23:41,709 --> 01:23:45,650 SIMPLE MODE IS FOR EVERYBODY OVER AGE 30. 1567 01:23:45,650 --> 01:23:49,699 THE ADVANCED MODE IS FOR THE REST OF US. 1568 01:23:49,699 --> 01:23:52,170 WE'LL START BY SHOWING YOU THE ADVANCED MODE TO GIVE YOU AN 1569 01:23:52,170 --> 01:23:53,300 IDEA OF CONTEXT. 1570 01:23:53,300 --> 01:23:56,760 ONE OF THE IMPORTANT THINGS TO DO IS TO MAKE SURE YOU GO 1571 01:23:56,760 --> 01:23:57,760 SCREEN. 1572 01:23:57,760 --> 01:24:00,579 WE REMIND YOU THERE IS A TOGGLE HERE THAT ALLOWS YOU TO GO FULL 1573 01:24:00,579 --> 01:24:01,789 SCREEN. 1574 01:24:01,789 --> 01:24:04,719 WE PROVIDE FOR YOU A VIRTUAL CAMERA. 1575 01:24:04,719 --> 01:24:08,619 IT LOOKS LIKE A MOUSE BUT IT'S ACTUALLY YOUR CAMERA. 1576 01:24:08,619 --> 01:24:11,531 BY CLICKING AND DRAGGING SOMEWHERE IN SPACE, YOU CAN 1577 01:24:11,531 --> 01:24:13,449 CHANGE THE CAMERA'S VIEWPOINT. 1578 01:24:13,449 --> 01:24:18,840 AND THEN TO CHANGE THE CENTER OF YOUR FIELD OF VIEW, JUST DOUBLE 1579 01:24:18,840 --> 01:24:20,110 CLICK ON A LABEL. 1580 01:24:20,110 --> 01:24:22,489 I'LL DOUBLE CLICK ON MARS. 1581 01:24:22,489 --> 01:24:25,370 WE WILL FLY TO MARS, DOWNLOAD THE DATA. 1582 01:24:25,370 --> 01:24:28,780 ALL THE SATELLITES THAT YOU SEE HERE AND CELESTIAL OBJECTS ARE 1583 01:24:28,780 --> 01:24:30,650 IN THEIR CORRECT LOCATION. 1584 01:24:30,650 --> 01:24:33,739 WE PROVIDE SCALE AND DISTANCE. 1585 01:24:33,739 --> 01:24:37,959 SO I'M GOING TO ZOOM BACK HERE A WAYS AND KEEP ZOOMING OUT. 1586 01:24:37,959 --> 01:24:42,840 AND WE'RE GOING TO LOOK FOR NEW HORIZONS. 1587 01:24:42,840 --> 01:24:43,840 AND THERE IT IS. 1588 01:24:43,840 --> 01:24:45,159 IT'S OUT PAST NEPTUNE. 1589 01:24:45,159 --> 01:24:51,130 IF I DOUBLE CLICK ON THE SPACECRAFT, WE WILL TRAVEL NEW 1590 01:24:51,130 --> 01:24:52,130 HORIZONS. 1591 01:24:52,130 --> 01:24:55,510 THERE IT IS SPINNING AT ITS PROPER RATE, POINTING ITS 1592 01:24:55,510 --> 01:24:57,010 ANTENNA BACK AT THE EARTH. 1593 01:24:57,010 --> 01:25:00,270 AND PLUTO IS IN THE DISTANCE. 1594 01:25:00,270 --> 01:25:04,909 NOW, I CAN SPEND A GREAT DEAL OF TIME SHOWING YOU ALL THE VARIOUS 1595 01:25:04,909 --> 01:25:07,170 CONTROLS AT THE BOTTOM. 1596 01:25:07,170 --> 01:25:08,309 DON'T HAVE THAT MUCH TIME. 1597 01:25:08,309 --> 01:25:09,820 I'M GOING TO LET YOU DO THAT ON YOUR OWN. 1598 01:25:09,820 --> 01:25:12,820 WHAT I'M GOING TO SHOW YOU IS SOMETHING WE BUILT CALLED EYES 1599 01:25:12,820 --> 01:25:17,719 ON PLUTO THAT GIVES YOU AN OPPORTUNITY TO SET UP THE USER 1600 01:25:17,719 --> 01:25:20,880 INTERFACE IN A WAY THAT IS SPECIFIC TO THIS PARTICULAR 1601 01:25:20,880 --> 01:25:21,880 MISSION. 1602 01:25:21,880 --> 01:25:26,059 UNDER "TOURISM FEATURES," CLICK "NEW HORIZONS." 1603 01:25:26,059 --> 01:25:29,820 THEN WHAT IS TAKING PLACE IS WE ARE LOADING A SPECIAL USER 1604 01:25:29,820 --> 01:25:36,949 INTERFACE THAT'S ALL ABOUT THE NEW HORIZONS CLOSEST APPROACH TO 1605 01:25:36,949 --> 01:25:37,959 PLUTO. 1606 01:25:37,959 --> 01:25:41,219 COMPUTER SIMULATION AT THE TOP AND "LIVE." 1607 01:25:41,219 --> 01:25:46,440 THAT MEANS THAT IS WHERE NEW HORIZONS IS RIGHT NOW RELATIVE 1608 01:25:46,440 --> 01:25:49,159 TO PLUTO. 1609 01:25:49,159 --> 01:25:53,579 THAT IS YOUR DISTANCE TO PLUTO, RELATIVE SPEED TO PLUTO, CLOSEST 1610 01:25:53,579 --> 01:25:57,659 APPROACH TIME. 37 DAYS, 17 HOURS, 25 MINUTES. 1611 01:25:57,659 --> 01:25:59,929 AND THEN NOTICE ON THE RIGHT-HAND SIDE YOU HAVE THE 1612 01:25:59,929 --> 01:26:00,929 CURRENT TIME. 1613 01:26:00,929 --> 01:26:02,810 SO THAT'S RIGHT NOW. 1614 01:26:02,810 --> 01:26:03,810 THERE ARE TWO MODES. 1615 01:26:03,810 --> 01:26:05,170 WE'RE IN THE LIVE MODE. 1616 01:26:05,170 --> 01:26:07,119 THERE IS ALSO A PREVIEW MODE. 1617 01:26:07,119 --> 01:26:10,199 BEFORE I GO TO PREVIEW MODE, I WANT TO SHOW YOU THE CAMERA 1618 01:26:10,199 --> 01:26:11,199 MODES. 1619 01:26:11,199 --> 01:26:13,789 WE'RE IN RIDE-ALONG MODE, WHICH MEANS WE ARE RIDING ALONG WITH 1620 01:26:13,789 --> 01:26:17,059 THE SPACECRAFT AND THE CAMERA IS LOCK ODD PLUTO. 1621 01:26:17,059 --> 01:26:20,469 IF I CLICK AND DRAG, PLUTO STAYS IN THE FIELD OF VIEW. 1622 01:26:20,469 --> 01:26:25,260 IF I SWITCH TO SPACECRAFT CAMERA, THE FOCUS IS ON NEW 1623 01:26:25,260 --> 01:26:26,260 HORIZONS. 1624 01:26:26,260 --> 01:26:28,539 SO I CAN TURN AND LOOK AT ALL THE DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS, 1625 01:26:28,539 --> 01:26:32,900 ROTATE AROUND, GO BACK TO EARTH, LOOK WHEREVER I WANT. 1626 01:26:32,900 --> 01:26:36,719 AND THEN THERE'S†-- I'LL GET TO THE OVERVIEW WHEN I MOVE TO THE 1627 01:26:41,039 --> 01:26:37,929 PREVIEW MODE. 1628 01:26:41,039 --> 01:26:42,599 AND I'M GOING TO GO AHEAD AND CLICK PREVIEW. 1629 01:26:42,599 --> 01:26:47,890 WHAT PREVIEW WILL DO, IT TAKES YOU ONE DAY FROM THE EVENT. 1630 01:26:47,890 --> 01:26:51,199 I'M GOING TO GO TO RIDE ALONG. 1631 01:26:51,199 --> 01:26:55,070 AND NOW YOU ARE LOOKING AT WHAT'S GOING TO TAKE PLACE JULY 1632 01:26:55,070 --> 01:26:58,869 13th AT 10:00 A.M. 1633 01:26:58,869 --> 01:27:03,389 WHEN YOU SEE THOSE COLORED LINES PROJECTING FROM THE SPACECRAFT, 1634 01:27:03,389 --> 01:27:05,699 THOSE ARE THE FIELD OF VIEW LINES FOR THE VARIOUS 1635 01:27:05,699 --> 01:27:08,010 INSTRUMENTS. 1636 01:27:08,010 --> 01:27:11,010 IT'S AT TEN MINUTES A SECOND NOW. 1637 01:27:11,010 --> 01:27:14,900 THIS IS THE SEQUENCE WE WERE GIVEN BY OUR COLLEAGUES HERE AT 1638 01:27:14,900 --> 01:27:15,900 A PL. 1639 01:27:15,900 --> 01:27:19,789 THIS IS WHAT IT'S GOING TO BE DOING AS THE TIME INDICATED. 1640 01:27:19,789 --> 01:27:27,170 SO IF YOU COME TO THE SOFTWARE ON THAT MORNING. 1641 01:27:27,170 --> 01:27:29,070 IT IS ABOUT 50,000 MILES AWAY. 1642 01:27:29,070 --> 01:27:33,880 I'M GOING TO GO AT ABOUT 30 SECONDS A SECOND. 1643 01:27:33,880 --> 01:27:38,469 SO YOU CAN SEE THAT THE SPACECRAFT IS VERY, VERY ACTIVE 1644 01:27:38,469 --> 01:27:39,469 DURING THIS PERIOD. 1645 01:27:39,469 --> 01:27:40,780 YOU CAN SEE WHERE IT'S LOCATED. 1646 01:27:40,780 --> 01:27:45,059 THIS WINDOW HERE SHOWS YOU THE INSTRUMENTS THAT ARE TURNED ON. 1647 01:27:45,059 --> 01:27:47,920 SO, FOR EXAMPLE, LET ME SNIP THAT ONE ON. 1648 01:27:47,920 --> 01:27:52,050 YOU CAN SEE, LORI, RALPH, ALICE, ARE ALL POWERED UP, WHICH MEANS 1649 01:27:52,050 --> 01:27:53,800 THEY CAN BE TAKING DATA. 1650 01:27:53,800 --> 01:28:02,869 THE FIELD OF VIEW LINES FOR LORI IS 1,000†x†1,000 IMAGE. 1651 01:28:02,869 --> 01:28:04,550 SO THERE'S ANOTHER FEATURE. 1652 01:28:04,550 --> 01:28:07,559 YOU CAN ROLL OVER EACH ONE OF THE INSTRUMENT NAMES AND WE WILL 1653 01:28:07,559 --> 01:28:11,679 TELL YOU WHAT THOSE INSTRUMENTS DO. 1654 01:28:11,679 --> 01:28:16,570 SO THIS TOOL, NASA'S EYES, ALLOWS YOU TO BE THE ARMCHAIR 1655 01:28:16,570 --> 01:28:17,570 EXPLORER. 1656 01:28:17,570 --> 01:28:20,510 I PROMISED I WOULD SHOW THE SPACECRAFT TO YOU†-- EXCUSE ME, 1657 01:28:20,510 --> 01:28:21,510 THE OVERVIEW. 1658 01:28:21,510 --> 01:28:25,519 IF YOU HIT OVERVIEW, IT SHOWS YOU WHERE THE SPACECRAFT IS 1659 01:28:25,519 --> 01:28:27,269 RELATIVE TO THE SYSTEM. 1660 01:28:27,269 --> 01:28:31,269 AND, AGAIN, ON JULY 14th AT 7:00 IN THE MORNING, IT'S STILL 1661 01:28:31,269 --> 01:28:32,269 COMING IN. 1662 01:28:32,269 --> 01:28:33,800 ALL RIGHT. 1663 01:28:33,800 --> 01:28:37,420 SO I WILL PAUSE NOW FOR ANY QUESTIONS THAT MAY BE EITHER IN 1664 01:28:37,420 --> 01:28:38,420 THE ROOM OR ELSEWHERE. 1665 01:28:38,420 --> 01:28:42,389 >> WE HAVE TIME FOR ONE QUICK QUESTION. 1666 01:28:42,389 --> 01:28:44,949 ANY QUESTIONS? 1667 01:28:44,949 --> 01:28:49,989 ALL RIGHT. 1668 01:28:49,989 --> 01:28:53,130 >> THE SOFTWARE IS NOT OPEN SOURCED BUT IS AVAILABLE TO 1669 01:28:53,130 --> 01:28:56,820 ANYBODY ON A WINDOW OR MacINTOSH COMPUTER TO OPERATE IN THIS 1670 01:28:56,820 --> 01:28:59,000 FASHION. 1671 01:28:59,000 --> 01:29:01,189 >> WONDERFUL. 1672 01:29:01,189 --> 01:29:03,909 HOPEFULLY YOU WILL GO DOWNLOAD EYES ON THE SOLAR SYSTEM IN 1673 01:29:03,909 --> 01:29:05,980 ORDER TO FOLLOW ALONG ON THE FLY-BY. 1674 01:29:05,980 --> 01:29:10,579 FOR MORE INFORMATION ON EVERYTHING LEADING UP TO THE 1675 01:29:10,579 --> 01:29:12,630 FLY-BY. 1676 01:29:12,630 --> 01:29:18,780 VISIT NASA.GOV/NEW HORIZONS. 1677 01:29:18,780 --> 01:29:22,820 BE SURE TO FOLLOW ALONG WITH EVERYTHING THAT NASA HAS GOING 1678 01:29:22,820 --> 01:29:24,510 ON SOCIAL MEDIA. 1679 01:29:24,510 --> 01:29:26,539 THANK YOU ALL FOR JOINING US TODAY FOR THE NASA SOCIAL. 1680 01:29:26,539 --> 01:29:27,639 WE'RE GETTING REALLY EXCITED. 1681 01:29:27,639 --> 01:29:29,090 JULY 14th IS COMING. 1682 01:29:29,090 --> 01:29:30,500 PLUTO IS COMING. 1683 01:29:30,500 --> 01:29:34,229 WE HOPE TO GET SOME OF THE BEST RESULTS WE HAVE HAD AND LOOK AT 1684 01:29:34,229 --> 01:29:36,350 A WHOLE NEW PERSPECTIVE ON PLUTO.